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地 震 地 热 说 原 理
03 危地马拉地震地幔柱简介
Seisman
地震地幔柱各论
03 危地马拉地震地幔柱
危地马拉地震地幔柱位于中美洲西海岸(0°~23°N,75°~120°W)。
危地马拉地震地幔柱的基础资料见图1~图3、表1和表2.
图1是地震地幔柱在地表的投影,包含至2011年3月19日M≥5.0的地震和1次8级的壳内强震(表1),还包括近50年来有过喷发、且最大喷发指数VEI≥2的17座活火山(表2)。
图2是地震地幔柱内M≥5.0地震的三维图像。由于作图软件对三维图像数据点数的限制,故将深度小于33km和震级小于7级的地震舍弃了一半。
由图1和图2可以看到,北智利地震地幔柱是直立的树型构造,树根位于地震条带的东南段(6°~15°N,82°~90°W),大约40~100km深度范围内的地震勾勒出熔岩囊的空间位置。两次VEI≥4的火山喷发位于危地马拉的首都附近,即该地震条带的中段。1963年以来的唯一的一次8级地震(1995年)发生在该地震条带的北端,墨西哥境内。
危地马拉地震地幔柱的活动表现为一般的规律,即火山喷发大多围绕在熔岩囊的顶部,而特大地震则多发生在地震地幔柱的远端。
这是因为,熔岩囊是由当前活跃的中深源地震勾勒出来的,自然也就是当前火山喷发的最直接的能源,而特大强震多半作为地震地幔柱能量的剩余释放,是地震地幔柱的一次彻底解放,多发生在地震地幔柱的外围。
图3是危地马拉地震地幔柱M≥5.2地震震源深度的时序图。图中的小三角形表示VEI≥2的火山,大三角形为VEI≥3的火山喷发。图上画了2条竖直的虚线。2条竖直的虚线隔开了两个中深源地震活动能量积累的时段。
如果将1978年墨西哥境内的7.7级壳内地震作为1978年以前能量积累的交代,则1978年开始的能量积累可能导致了1995年的墨西哥8级大震,而1996年以来的能量积累,6级以上的中深源地震十分活跃,似乎并不能由已有的火山喷发和壳内地震完全释放掉,或许在未来的几年内将得到一次彻底地剩余能量的释放。
本文所采用的地震资料取自http://www.ncedc.org/ 网页的ANSS地震目录,火山资料取自http://www.volcano.si.edu/网页的GVP火山月报,谨此致谢。
(2011.4.20 初稿)
图1 危地马拉地震地幔柱的地表平面投影
图2 危地马拉地震地幔柱的立体三维图像
图3 危地马拉地震地幔柱的时间进程
表1 危地马拉地震地幔柱M≥7地震目录(1963-2011.3.19)
地震年月日 |
纬 度 |
经 度 |
震 级 |
震源深度 |
19650823 |
16.30 |
-95.80 |
7.25 |
20 |
19680802 |
16.58 |
-97.69 |
7.1 |
40 |
19700429 |
14.51 |
-92.60 |
7.3 |
33 |
19730130 |
18.48 |
-102.99 |
7.5 |
43 |
19760204 |
15.32 |
-89.10 |
7.5 |
5 |
19780823 |
10.20 |
-85.22 |
7.0 |
56 |
19781129 |
16.01 |
-96.59 |
7.7 |
18 |
19790314 |
17.81 |
-101.27 |
7.6 |
49 |
19820619 |
13.31 |
-89.33 |
7.0 |
81 |
19831202 |
14.06 |
-91.92 |
7.1 |
67 |
19920902 |
11.74 |
-87.34 |
7.2 |
44 |
19950914 |
16.77 |
-98.59 |
7.4 |
23 |
19951009 |
19.05 |
-104.20 |
8.0 |
33 |
19951021 |
16.84 |
-93.46 |
7.2 |
159 |
19960225 |
15.97 |
-98.07 |
7.1 |
21 |
19970111 |
18.21 |
-102.75 |
7.2 |
33 |
19990331 |
5.82 |
-82.61 |
7.0 |
10 |
19990615 |
18.38 |
-97.43 |
7.0 |
70 |
19990930 |
16.05 |
-96.93 |
7.5 |
60 |
20010113 |
13.04 |
-88.66 |
7.7 |
60 |
20030122 |
18.77 |
-104.10 |
7.6 |
24 |
20041009 |
11.42 |
-86.66 |
7.0 |
35 |
20090528 |
16.73 |
-86.21 |
7.3 |
19 |
表2 危地马拉地震地幔柱1960年以来喷发过的火山
Volcano |
coordinate |
Eruption Start Date |
Max VEI |
10.463°N 84.703°W |
1968 Jul 29 |
3 |
|
12.506°N 86.702°W |
1999 Aug 5 |
2 |
|
1995 May 29 |
2 |
||
1992 Apr 9 |
3 |
||
1971 Feb 3 |
3 |
||
1969 Dec 19 |
1 |
||
1968 Oct 23 |
3 |
||
1964 |
2? |
||
1963 Mar |
1 |
||
1962 Mar 21 |
2 |
||
1961 Oct 25 |
1 |
||
1960 Sep 28 |
3 |
||
19.514°N 103.62°W |
1997 Nov 22 |
3 |
|
1994 Jul 21 |
1 |
||
1991 Mar 1 |
2 |
||
1988 Jun 15 ± 180 days |
2? |
||
1987 Jul 2 |
1 |
||
1985 |
1 |
||
1983 Feb 11 |
1? |
||
1977 Dec |
1 |
||
1975 Dec 11 (?) |
2 |
||
1973 Jan 30 |
1 |
||
1963 |
1 |
||
1961 |
1 |
||
11.538°N 85.622°W |
2009 Dec 11 |
1 |
|
2007 Nov 24 |
2? |
||
2008 Jul 30 |
1 |
||
2007 Feb 9 |
1 |
||
2006 Sep 1 |
2 |
||
2005 Jul 28 |
2 |
||
1999 Dec 27 |
1 |
||
1988 Jun |
2 |
||
1985 Dec 2 ± 1 day |
1 |
||
1984 Dec |
2 |
||
1983 Mar 16 |
2 |
||
1982 Jan 15 ± 5 days |
2 |
||
1978 Mar 30 (on or before) |
2 |
||
1977 Apr 4 |
2 |
||
1973 Dec 24 |
2 |
||
1963 May 9 |
1 |
||
1962 Jun |
2 |
||
1961 Nov 28 |
2? |
||
17.360°N 93.228°W |
1982 Mar 28 |
5 |
|
14.473°N 90.880°W |
2002 Jan 4 |
2 |
|
1999 May 21 |
2 |
||
1987 Jan 5 ± 4 days |
1 |
||
1977 Sep 11 |
2 |
||
1977 Mar 3 |
1 |
||
1975 May 28 |
1 |
||
1974 Oct 10 |
4 |
||
1973 Feb 23 |
2 |
||
1971 Sep 14 |
3 |
||
1967 Apr 22 |
2 |
||
1966 Aug 12 |
3 |
||
1966 Feb 7 |
3 |
||
1963 Sep 28 |
3 |
||
1962 Aug 4 |
3 |
||
9.979°N 83.852°W |
1994 Dec 8 |
2 |
|
1977 Mar 3 |
1 |
||
1974 Mar 2 |
|
||
1967 Aug 7 |
|
||
1963 Mar 13 |
3 |
||
1962 Aug 9 |
|
||
11.984°N 86.161°W |
2008 Jun 18 |
1 |
|
2006 Aug 4 |
1 |
||
2005 Mar 4 (?) |
1 |
||
2004 Jul 4 |
1? |
||
2003 Sep 22 (on or before) |
1 |
||
2001 Apr 23 |
1 |
||
1999 Nov 22 |
1 |
||
1998 Sep 14 |
1 |
||
1997 Jun 3 (?) |
1 |
||
1996 Dec 5 |
1 |
||
1993 Jun 16 |
1 |
||
1989 Feb 20 |
1 |
||
1987 Feb 15 |
1 |
||
1965 Oct 10 (?) |
1 |
||
14.381°N 90.601°W |
2004 Jul 19 (?) |
3? |
|
2002 May 30 |
1? |
||
2001 Oct 31 |
1 |
||
2000 Aug |
1 |
||
1990 Jan 4 (?) |
3 |
||
1965 Jul 4 |
3 |
||
1961 Mar 11 |
2 |
||
10.20°N 84.233°W |
2009 Dec 25 |
1 |
|
2009 Jan 12 |
1 |
||
2008 Jan 13 |
1 |
||
2006 Sep 25 |
1 |
||
2006 Mar 24 |
1 |
||
1996 Apr 8 |
1 |
||
1994 Mar (?) |
2 |
||
1992 Oct |
0 |
||
1992 Feb |
1 |
||
1991 Mar 6 |
1 |
||
1987 Jun |
2 |
||
1981 Mar |
1 |
||
1980 Dec 26 |
1 |
||
1980 Sep 12 |
1 |
||
1979 Sep 8 |
1 |
||
1978 Sep 22 |
1 |
||
1977 Dec 18 |
2 |
||
1977 May |
1 |
||
1976 Jun 21 |
2 |
||
1974 Sep 11 |
2 |
||
1972 Feb 9 |
2 |
||
1970 Jul |
1 |
||
1969 May 3 |
2 |
||
1968 |
1 |
||
1967 Jan 1 |
1 |
||
1964 Dec 25 |
2 |
||
1963 May 23 |
2 |
||
1958 |
2 |
||
19.023°N 98.622°W |
2005 Jan 9 |
2 |
|
2004 May 26 |
2 |
||
1996 Mar 5 |
3 |
||
1994 Dec 21 |
2 |
||
10.830°N 85.324°W |
1998 Feb 15 |
2 |
|
1995 Nov 6 |
2 |
||
1991 May 7 |
2 |
||
1987 Apr 1 |
1 |
||
1986 Dec 31 |
1 |
||
1985 Sep |
1 |
||
1984 Mar 31 |
2 |
||
1983 Feb 6 |
1 |
||
1970 Aug 14 |
1 |
||
1969 Sep 20 |
2 |
||
1969 Apr 22 |
2 |
||
1966 Nov 6 (?) |
3 |
||
12.702°N 87.004°W |
2010 Dec 15 |
1 |
|
2010 Jun 9 |
2 |
||
2009 Sep 6 |
2? |
||
2008 Nov 21 |
1 |
||
2008 Jun 22 |
1 |
||
2007 Nov 8 (on or before) |
1? |
||
2005 Nov 13 |
2 |
||
2004 Dec 3 |
|
||
2003 Jun 17 |
1? |
||
2002 May 29 |
1 |
||
2001 May 11 (?) |
1 |
||
1999 May 1 ± 180 days |
2 |
||
1997 May 19 (?) |
1 |
||
1987 Nov |
|
||
1985 Sep 2 |
|
||
1977 Oct 16 |
2 |
||
1976 Aug 29 |
1 |
||
1976 Mar 9 |
1 |
||
1971 May 3 |
1 |
||
13.434°N 88.269°W |
2002 Jan 16 |
1 |
|
1997 Dec 31 |
1 |
||
1995 Jan 12 |
1 |
||
1985 Nov |
1 |
||
1976 Dec 2 |
1 |
||
1970 Mar 30 |
1 |
||
1967 Jan 5 |
2 |
||
1966 Jul |
2 |
||
1966 Feb 22 |
2 |
||
1964 Oct 23 |
2 |
||
13.853°N 89.630°W |
2005 Jun 16 |
3 |
|
12.602°N 86.845°W |
2008 Jul 5 ± 4 days |
1 |
|
2007 Oct 28 ± 3 days |
1? |
||
2007 Jun 12 |
1 |
||
2006 Dec 11 (?) |
1 |
||
2006 Aug 4 |
1 |
||
2004 Nov 5 |
|
||
2004 Mar 31 |
1 |
||
2002 Oct 17 |
0 |
||
2001 Jan 17 |
1 |
||
1999 May 21 |
2 |
||
1994 Jul 31 |
2 |
||
1987 Nov |
1 |
||
1981 Nov 25 ± 5 days |
2 |
||
1981 Feb (?) |
1 |
||
1976 Nov 3 |
1 |
||
1975 May |
0 |
||
1969 Feb 11 |
2 |
||
1966 Jun |
1 |
||
1965 Jan 16 |
1 |
||
1962 Jan |
1 |
||
10.025°N 83.767°W |
2010 Jul 24 |
|
|
2010 Jan 5 |
2 |
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