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http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/jkpd/2019-04/25/c_1124411502.htm:
帕金森病发作有信号: 抖、僵、慢、跌
【抖】静止性震颤是帕金森病的首发症状,常在患者安静休息时发生,移动手脚活动时减轻或消失,有超过70%的帕金森病患者会出现这种症状。
【僵】帕金森病患者经常关节僵硬、肌肉发紧。如面部肌肉僵硬,表情淡漠死板,眼神空洞。也有患者因为肌肉发僵发硬,从而会出现像猿猴般的特殊姿态。
【慢】行动迟缓是由于肌肉的僵直和姿势反射障碍,引起一系列的运动障碍。比如像刷牙、系鞋带、扣纽扣等日常动作无法顺利完成;不能同时做多个动作;随意动作减少;字越写越小等症状。
【跌】帕金森病患者还经常有姿势平衡障碍,身体前屈,走路和转身困难。典型的症状如走路抬不起脚,起步困难,所以开始走路后会小步向前冲,步态慌张。
同时,帕金森病到了中晚期也会出现一些运动并发症,如晨僵、冻结步态、舞蹈样动作等。
看不见的症状也要警惕
帕金森病的“非运动症状”有嗅觉减退,肢体麻木疼痛等感觉障碍;失眠等睡眠障碍;便秘、多汗、尿频尿急、流涎等自主神经功能障碍;抑郁、焦虑、痴呆、幻觉等精神障碍。
胡方方解释说,帕金森病的非运动症状有时会被患者及家属所忽略,这些症状有可能在帕金森病出现明显的运动症状前就已经存在,患者有时会走错门诊,在各个科室间辗转求医却不见好,所以这些非运动症状也要多加注意察觉。
4月11日世界帕金森日关注帕金森病“隐性症状”: 帕金森病除了运动症状表现还存在很多非运动症状,往往被人们忽视,成为帕金森病的“隐性症状”,包括,神经精神症状、睡眠障碍、自主神经症状以及胃肠症状。
帕金森早期预警4个信号(http://www.sohu.com/a/307860856_104952:
信号一、嗅觉下降
在运动症状出现5年—10年之前,约90%的帕金森患者会出现原因不明、不同程度的嗅觉减退,表现为不能闻出特殊气味,不能闻出两种不同气味的差别等。临床上曾做过一个小样本的研究,随访30例嗅觉丧失的人,随访四年后有7%的人出现了帕金森病,还有13%的人出现了运动症状,还不够诊断标准。目前,我国55岁以上人群中,帕金森的患病率是1%。而试验中,嗅觉减退人群的患病率是其7倍,说明嗅觉减退的确是帕金森的早期征象。因此当一个上了年纪的老人家出现嗅觉减退时,除了排除耳鼻喉相关疾病外,还应关注神经科相关问题,特别警惕是否可能发展成帕金森病。
信号二、快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍
表现为在睡眠中喊叫、说梦话、挥舞胳膊腿、甚至坠床。陈海波收治过一位患者,在睡梦中把老伴打骨折了。统计表明,如果快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍经常发生,将来5年—10年,该患者发生帕金森病的几率将近50%。
信号三、便秘
帕金森患者往往在发病前10年,甚至20年出现便秘症状。而便秘人群中发生帕金森病的概率也要远远高于普通人群。帕金森病患者伴发便秘的原因较多,有越来越多的证据表明,帕金森病在影响到大脑之前,是从消化道开始的。研究者推测,帕金森疾病可能起始于肠道,随后通过迷走神经转移到大脑。
2015年发表在美国《Annals of Neurology》杂志上的一篇研究显示,接受过胃迷走神经切断术的患者帕金森发病率较低。迷走神经从脑干一直延伸到下腹,控制着无意识的生命过程,如心跳、食物消化等。研究者比较了丹麦5339名进行迷走神经完全切断术的胃溃疡患者和66711名正常人的情况,随访5年-30年。在校正了慢性阻塞性肺病、糖尿病、关节炎及其他疾病等因素后,与正常人群相比,做过胃迷走神经干切除术的人得帕金森病的可能性降低了48%,这是一个显著的差异。
2016年发表在《细胞》杂志上的一项研究则认为,肠道细菌产生的小分子代谢物,会诱发大脑炎症,影响运动表现,从而导致帕金森病。
美国加州理工学院Sampson等人用帕金森模型小鼠进行了研究,这种小鼠的大脑中存在帕金森病所特有的神经毒性蛋白-α-突触核蛋白,表现出运动异常的疾病症状。当研究者清除小鼠体内的肠道细菌后,小鼠的帕金森症状得到了缓解。当研究者给体内已经无菌的帕金森模型小鼠移植来自帕金森病人的肠道细菌时,小鼠将再次出现运动异常。当研究者移植来自健康人的肠道细菌时,小鼠不出现帕金森症状。
信号四、抑郁
没有重大生活事件而独立出现的抑郁,是帕金森病的早期表现之一。坐立不安、注意力不集中、抑郁、情绪低落、疲劳感和焦虑等精神病症状也是帕金森患者常见且较早出现的非运动性症状,可以表现在震颤等运动症状之前。患者的典型主诉为:“我感觉身体很疲乏,无力;情绪不好,总是高兴不起来;记性差,脑子反应慢。”有的患者因焦虑、抑郁看精神心理科,看着看着,动作开始慢了,一检查,已经有帕金森病了。而非专业诊治帕金森病的医生不一定了解情况,单纯按抑郁治疗难免无效。因此有抑郁情绪的患者,一旦有抖、僵、慢等运动症状,要联想到帕金森病。
http://theconversation.com/parkinsons-four-unusual-signs-you-may-be-at-risk-112035:
1. Loss of sense of smell
A common recollection by people who are diagnosed with Parkinson's is that they remember changes in their sense of smell several years before developing any tremor or other movement problems. But many people might not even recognise that their sense of smell is bad. It is only when tested that we see that up to 90% of people living with Parkinson's have lost their sense of smell.
2. Restless nights
There is a connection between changes in sleep patterns called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder and the risk of developing Parkinson's. REM sleep behaviour disorder, or RBD for short, is more than simply experiencing a restless night. People with RBD act out their dreams, sometimes moving violently in their sleep, to the extent that they can even injure themselves, but with often no recollection of their actions.
RBD is rare and can only be diagnosed with a special sleep study, but most people who develop RBD will develop Parkinson's disease or a similar condition within a decade.
3. Constipation
Problems with digestion and bowel movements are a big problem for people with Parkinson's, and we now know that these problems can start long before the tremor and problems with movement that lead to someone being referred to a neurologist.
As for most of these early symptoms, people can develop constipation for lots of different reasons, but it is clear that people living with Parkinson's have problems with bowel movements. Constipation may, in fact, be one of the very earliest features, occurring up to 20 years before Parkinson's is diagnosed.
4. Anxiety and depression
Feeling anxious or depressed, above and beyond the normal ups and downs of daily life, is one of the biggest problems that people with Parkinson's report – sometimes noting it as even more of a problem than changes in movement. We think that this is due to changes in the balance of chemical activity in the brain and that these changes start up to ten years before people are diagnosed with Parkinson's.
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