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The history of the peer-review process
Journalology: A piece of peer review history
陈桂华:学术成果的评价,从专著到SCI检索论文的相关历史发展
《Trends in Biotechnology》发表了一篇“Thehistory of the peer-review process”,比较详细介绍了审稿制度的历史发展:
审查的最早记录出现在CE 854–931的Ethics of the Physician。在很长一段时间,都是自己出版专著,约稿,编辑审查等。随后出版东西太多以至于编辑忙不过来,于是寻求同领域专家的帮忙。Science 和The Journal of the American Medical Association直到1940年才外审论文。1959年的复印技术使外审变得更方便了。
同行评议的操作由来已久,形式也多种多样。最开始的雏形可以追溯到17世纪中叶,英国皇家学会刊物 (The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 简称为Phil. Trans. ) 的创刊时期。当时该刊的主编开创了请同业人士评定文章发表与否的先河,想必对当时的学者们而言,该方法比主编自己决定的一言堂要公平得多。经过这几百年的发展,这种评议的基本思想大致没有根本的变化,但期刊的数量和承载的信息量却有了质的飞跃,故此同行评议也要与时俱进。同行评议成为科技期刊出版的基石,公认是20世纪中叶以后的事。这与二战后科技进步引发的论文数量的激增和期刊种类和数量的翻番不无关系。可以肯定地说,没有同行评议就没有庞大的科技期刊出版业;同行评议的质量是期刊出版质量的先决条件和重要保障之一。广义的同行评议开始得更早些,比狭义的要早几个世纪。据记载其原型起源于叙利亚,当时有明文规定,医师给病人诊断,每次都要准备一份诊断书的副本。病人治愈或死亡后,诊断书的副本要汇总交给专门的小组审议,医师由此受到肯定或处罚。
Peer review - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
历史:
The first recorded editorial prepublication peer-review process was at The Royal Society in 1665 by the founding editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg.[50][51][52] In the 20th century, peer review became common for science funding allocations. This process appears to have developed independently from the editorial peer review.[53]
The first peer-reviewed publication may have been the Medical Essays and Observations published by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1731. The present-day peer-review system evolved from this 18th-century process.[54]
A professional peer-review process is found in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931). His work states that a visiting physician must make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would decide whether the treatment had met the required standards of medical care.[55]
Peer review has been a touchstone of modern scientific method only since the middle of the 20th century, the only exception being medicine. Before then, its application was lax in other scientific fields. For example, Albert Einstein's revolutionary "Annus Mirabilis" papers in the 1905 issue of Annalen der Physik were not peer-reviewed by anyone other than the journal's editor-in-chief, Max Planck, and its co-editor, Wilhelm Wien. A formal panel of reviewers was not sought, as is done for many scientific journals today. Established authors and editors were given more latitude in their journalistic discretion, back then. In a recent editorial in Nature, it was stated that "in journals in those days, the burden of proof was generally on the opponents rather than the proponents of new ideas."[56]
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