栾信杰(Prof. LUAN in WTO)分享 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/hzluan 中国计量学院教授,对外经贸大学中国WTO研究院高级研究员,浙江省重点研究基地(产业政策发展研究中心)教授,硕士生导师。

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昨日,美国反戈一击,对中国“双反”发起挑战,中国如何应对?

已有 3053 次阅读 2011-9-22 07:51 |个人分类:实务问题|系统分类:观点评述| 美国

  2011年9月20日,美国向WTO争端解决机构申诉,要求同中国就中国对美国烘烤机双反措施提出磋商请求。
  此案的背景:在United States — Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China (DS379)一案中,上诉机构支持中方对美国“双反”调查指控。现在美方“以其人之道,还治其人之身”(当然美方不会在这次新的争端中这样说。一事归一事。)美方发起反击,中方怎么办?
  建议:关键是要搞清二个问题并注意一个问题:
    两个关键问题:
(1)WTO没有禁止对市场经济国家(如美国)的同一种出口产品同时发起双反调查和采取双反措施;
(2)务必将“导致倾销的原因(因素)”和“导致补贴的原因(因素)”分别列出,不能混为一谈。
   如果由同一因素造成了补贴和倾销同时成立,则有重复课税之嫌,对此要二者择一,对此因素只能课征反倾销锐或者(是or,不是and)反补贴税。除此之外,中方完全可以针对导致倾销的因素课征反倾销税,针对导致补贴的因素征收反补贴税。
    一个要注意的问题:提出磋商要求是一种“原告友好”的程序,中美双方如果只磋商美方提出的事项,中方在此争端中将一直是被动的。而按照WTO DSU第4.3条(有"unless otherwise mutually agreed"一语),中方有权利在此闭门磋商阶段同美方“研究研究”这“磋商请求”中提出的事项是否合理(特别要考虑中方关注的问题是否也在磋商请求的范围之内),必要时可要求美方补充或修改磋商的事项,从而可要求美方重新提出将被公开的“磋商请求”(Request for Consultations )(提醒:这个问题不可忽视,但往往被忽视,美方不会在它最初提出的磋商请求中就影响它胜诉的事项要求同中方磋商)。美方会这样做吗?关键看中方的努力,中方要据理力争。(事实上,我们可以在这个环节迫使美方和解)。我要说的是,后续程序(特别是专家组裁决)是依据“磋商请求”中列出的事项进行的,所以对“磋商请求”中的磋商事项要高度关注。
  对此案我的预测和期望是:通过磋商,“双方和解”。
 
另:我写过一篇文章:《“两条腿走三步”——美国对华反补贴态势分析》(国际贸易,2008年第1期)。此文中的预测得到了验证。
 
以下是此案信息和磋商规则。
Annex:
I. The Whole News
20 September 2011 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (WT/DS427/1)

US files dispute against China

On 20 September 2011, the United States requested consultations with China under the dispute settlement system concerning the latter’s measures imposing anti-dumping and countervailing duties on broiler products (烘烤机) from the US.

II.Key Consultation Rules

"A request for consultations must be submitted in writing and must give the reasons for the request. This includes identifying the measures at issue and indicating the legal basis for the complaint (Article 4.4 of the DSU). In practice, such requests for consultations are very brief; often they are no more than one or two pages long, yet they must be sufficiently precise. Because requests for consultations are always the first official WTO document emerging in a specific dispute and each dispute has its own WT/DS number, requests for consultations carry the document symbol WT/DS###/1 ."

"The respondent (i.e. the Member to whom the request for consultations is addressed), is obliged to accord sympathetic consideration to, and afford adequate opportunity for, consultations (Article 4.2 of the DSU). Consultations typically take place in Geneva and are confidential (Article 4.6 of the DSU), which also means that the (WTO) Secretariat is not involved. The fact that they take place behind closed doors also means that their content remains undisclosed to any panel subsequently assigned the matter."



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