Appendix 1

Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation

In 1963, an experiment in sight translation was conducted by Dr. H. Wallace Sinaiko of the Institute for Defense Analyses (“Teleconferencing, Preliminary Experiments,” Research Paper P-108, IDA, Nov. 1963). Sight translation is a procedure in which written material being received via teleprinter is read and a translation is dictated to a typist simultaneously. In this experiment, professional conference interpreters translated the complete text of the minutes of the 921st meeting of the U.N. Security Council into English and French.

This experiment showed that the accuracy of the sight translation was uniformly high and that when the interpreters were working in an unaccustomed direction, i.e., English into French or French into English, both the time required for the sight translation and the number of errors were increased somewhat, although not seriously.

Another experiment (full translation) used highly experienced Department of State translators in two-man translating - review teams. The partners in each team divided the incoming batches of material between themselves, each translating a part and then reviewing the part translated by his colleague. The quality of the translations was very high, but scarcely higher than the sight translation.

COMPARISON OF SIGHT AND FULL-TRANSLATION METHODS

Original U.N. Security Council Meeting, consecutive interpretation

Time, hrRate, words per min 2.0102.0

Sight translation9.721.0

Full translation37.6 5.4

Although the sight translation was four times faster than the full translation and of comparable quality, it would be dangerous to conclude from this that present translation output could be quadrupled by use of the sight-translation method. Since the material translated in this experiment was, presumably, all straight text, it lent itself nicely to this type of translation. It is doubtful that such a system could operate with the same efficiency on scientific texts containing photographs, charts, tables, formulas, and other graphics.

Nevertheless, the Committee feels that certain features of this system might be applicable to certain circumstances. One agency in Washington that uses the dictation method states that on texts that are suitable (few graphics to be inserted) the daily output per translator is doubled–from 2,400 to about 5,000 words.

These experiments stress an important difference between human and machine approximation in translation. Once the deeper meaning of the content of a text is grasped, the human translator immediately leaps to relatively grammatical output. The time taken by him in successive approximation probably involves choices among optional transformations, seeking the best base from which final stylistic polishing may be made in order to recapture the flavor of the original. On the other hand, the machine does its approximating by moving through successive choices among ungrammatical versions. Therefore, it would seem that there are good reasons why cheap, hasty, and truncated jobs might be better done by humans than by machines.

Appendix 2

Defense Language Institute Scientific Russian Course

The following information, provided by the Defense Language Institute, West Coast Branch, concerns the 10-week DLIWC Scientific Russian Course.

The purpose of the course is to train students to read and translate Russian technical and scientific texts in their fields of interest with the help of dictionaries and to speak and understand conversational Russian to a limited degree.

The length of the course is 10 weeks; 5 days per week; 6 hr per day.

For teaching purposes the classes are divided into sections of usually not more than eight students.

The teaching materials used during the course consist of four textbook volumes specially developed for this course and dealing with essential Russian grammar, speech patterns, and exercises in the translation of scientific texts. A special reference volume is also provided. Recent Soviet publications on scientific topics in the students' particular fields of interest are introduced in the form of supplementary training materials.

The teaching materials for the Scientific Russian Course were developed so as to ensure maximum effectiveness. After an initial period, during which the essentials of the Russian language are taught, the students switch over to teaching materials entirely corresponding to their aims and specialities. The course is, therefore, flexible and can accommodate specialists in various fields of scientific knowledge.

In conformity with the objectives outlined above, the main emphasis in the implementation of the course is laid on reading and on translating from Russian into English.

The course involves the study of essential structural patterns of the Russian language that are indispensable for the understanding of scientific texts. Since Russian is a highly inflected language, special stress is laid on the recognition of morphological change in words and its importance in grasping the exact meaning of sentences.

This is especially important in texts involving mathematical formulas and definitions where any distortion of meaning might easily lead to entirely erroneous conclusions.

While speaking and aural-comprehension abilities are not specially emphasized in the course, the students are taught to speak and understand conversational Russian, though only to a limited degree. Work in this particular field involves the use of tape recorders. At the end of the course the graduates have a vocabulary of approximately 750 words used in everyday exchanges.

With respect to scientific terminology, the course features the study of so- called “cognates”–internationally used terms derived from the same root. The aim here is to teach the students to recognize such words without the help of dictionaries and thus to facilitate and speed up their work.

After completing the course, the graduates are able to read, understand, and translate very complex texts in their fields of interest.

The first scientific Russian course was implemented at this Institute in 1961. In the past 4 years, this 10-week course was attended by specialists in space mechanics, applied mathematics, electrical engineering,  chemistry, physics, and aeronautics.

In view of the important scientific and technological achievements that have been taking place in the Soviet Union in the last few decades, it is hardly necessary to stress the utility of a course that makes it possible for the specialists to learn in a comparatively short time enough Russian to read contemporary Soviet scientific literature in their fields of interest, and thus to keep abreast of developments in that country.

Appendix 3

The Joint Publications Research Service

The Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), a component of the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, was established in 1957 by a group of federal agencies that needed English translations of books, newspapers, periodical articles, and other materials being published in a variety of languages.

Using a small staff of professional linguists, a search was made to locate the thousands of specialists–chemists, physicists, political scientists, economists–who, although already working in their special fields, possessed knowledge of a foreign language and were willing to translate materials in their fields on a part-time, contract basis at home.

New York was chosen for the first office because of its large population, which, it was felt, would yield the greatest number of linguists of any single area in the United States. Success in finding competent translators was immediate, and another office was opened in Washington, D. C., in August 1957. Three years later, with a still-growing load, a third JPRS office was opened in San Francisco. Although begun as a cooperative venture in 1957, the JPRS was absorbed by the Office of Technical Services in 1958, when it assumed responsibility for collecting translations and making them available to the public.

The growth of the JPRS can be seen by comparing the 38,000 published pages produced from March 1957 through June 1958 with the 273,449 pages published in Fiscal Year 1964. The first year's production was about 70 percent scientific and technical material, whereas production for Fiscal Year 1964 was about half that, or 35 percent.

A considerable number of translations published by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) are translated by the JPRS but sent to the AEC for publication as a part of its series; the same holds for translations done for the Army Biological Laboratory, Redstone Arsenal, the National Institutes of Health, the Federal Aviation Agency, and other agencies.

Materials of broad current interest spotted by analysts, scientists,  and others in government are sent to the JPRS for translation and for publication. Over the years, under this program, JPRS has developed serial titles under which a great deal of similar information has been placed. For example, Translations on International Communist Developments contains materials from any foreign newspaper or periodical that sheds light on the developments, policies, debates, or other activities of the Communist parties of all countries. Copies of these and of all other translations are then distributed not only to the initiating component, but to all participating organizations. The series are then available on subscription to anyone outside the government who is interested.

In science and technology, the JPRS series on Foreign Developments in Machine Translation and Information Processing, 173 issue of which have been published, has proven valuable to researchers in the field. For example, a recent Office of Technical Services special bibliography on machine translation lists 250 citations of reports and translations on the subject; 118 of these were JPRS reports

JPRS charges the government agencies for which it works the same price for all translations regardless of subject matter or language. This price is currently $16 per 1,000 words of English. This figure has been arrived at by a study of the total costs involved and includes overhead. Of the $16 per 1,000 words paid by the requesting agency, the translators are getting, on the average,

$8 to $11 for simple newspaper-type material (the low) and $20 for Chinese (the high).

Editing costs about $1.50 per 1,000 words, the typing about $1.50, and the overhead about $2.00. The translation comes back from  the  contractors  on tapes, in rough draft, and in completed typewritten form.

The amount paid the translator is dependent (in addition to the language of the original) upon how much extra work the JPRS has to do on the translation after the contractor has submitted it.

The policy of the JPRS regarding lag-time is as follows: 50 pages of translation will be done and returned to the requester in 15 days; 100 pages will be done in 30 days.

The JPRS currently has about 4,000 translators under contract, with a potential of an additional 1,500 available almost immediately. On the average, JPRS utilizes the services of about 300 of its translators in any given month. Thus, it appears that JPRS is producing translations reasonably quickly and quite economically, and, furthermore, that it has the capability of immediately expanding its operations

Appendix 4

Public Law 480 Translations

The National Science Foundation is responsible for conducting science- information program financed exclusively with excess foreign currencies that have accrued to the credit of the U.S. Government from the sale of U.S. surplus agricultural commodities in a number of foreign countries. Title I of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (Public Law 480), as amended, authorized the President to enter into agreements with friendly nations for the sale abroad of U.S. surplus commodites for foreign currencies. These currencies are inconvertible and may not be used outside the country involved.

Under the law cited above, U.S. Government agencies are authorized to use foreign currencies “to collect, collate, translate, stract, and disseminate scientific and technological information and to conduct research and support scientific activities overseas cluding programs and projects of scientific cooperation between the United States and other countries.” In January 1959, the President assigned to the Foundation the responsibility lot initiating  a unified coordinated program for meeting the requirements of the agencies of the Executive Branch for translation and other science-information activities authorized under Public Law 480.

The Foundation entered into contracts with Israel and Poland in 1959 and with Yugoslavia in 1960. Each contract provides for translation and publication of scientific literature and patents, translation and preparation of abstracts (in cooperation with U.S. abstracting and indexing services), publication of critical review papers, compilation of bibliographies, and the preparation of guides to their scientific institutions and information systems.

At the present time, the Foundation coordinates and administers this program for the Departments of the Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and Health, Education and Welfare, the Atomic Energy Commission, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Smithsonian Institution.

The Foundation does not select the material to be translated. The selection is done by research scientists in the participating federal agencies. In Poland, Polish scientific information is translated; in Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian material; and in Israel mainly, although not exclusively, Russian scientific literature. Russian books and monographs must have been published at least 1 year before they are translated by the overseas contractor; Yugoslavian and Polish journals only are translated on a current basis. The translation programs overseas are supplemental to, and not competitive with, the “domestic” translation program. In these programs no dollar expenditures are involved.

The combined efforts of the programs in Israel, Poland, and Yugoslavia represent the translation and republication of about 250,000 pages of foreign scientific literature (95 volumes of scientific journals, 374 books, 1,004 selected articles, 18,495 abstracts, 13,000 patents).* This covers the period from Fiscal Year 1959 through fiscal 1965.

*The statement above was taken from “A Summary of U.S. Translation Activities” (in Seminar on Technical and Scientific Translation, Apr. 15-17, 1965, Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi) by Ernest

R.Sohns of the Office of Science Information Service, National Science Foundation. The Committee appreciates Dr. Sohns' cooperation in providing this report.

Appendix 5

Machine Translation at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command

In December 1962, the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Commitee on Mechanical Translation of Languages recommended the implementation of “a limited initial operational capability for mechanical translation of at least 100,000 words of Russian per day using the IBM Mark II translation equipment and Phase II translation system.” This system became fully operational in February 1964 at the U.S. Air Force Systems Command's Foreign Technology Division (FTD) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Operations at FTD have recently been the subject of a study by Arthur D. Little, Inc., and it is from this study that the following data have been taken:

1.The cost of machine translation (excluding overhead and equipment amortization) is about $36 per 1,000 Russian words.

2.FTD's in-house human-translation cost, excluding overhead, is about

$40 per 1,000 Russian words.

3.FTD's contract translation cost is about $33 per 1,000 Russian words, including contractor's overhead.

4.Postediting (31 percent) and recomposition (40 percent) are the main cost components in the machine-translation process, accounting for over 70 percent of the total cost; input processing accounts for only 11 percent.

5.The average total machine-translation processing time is 109 days. The average for high-priority documents is 44 days.

6.During the period June-September 1964, the average output per working day was 103,146 Russian words translated into English. The average output per hour was 7,569 words. The average working day for the computer, therefore, amounts to 13 hours.

7.Input costs to the machine-translation system amount to $4.10 per 1,000 Russian words.

From the A. D. Little data and from the results of a comparison with the work done by the Joint Publications Research Service (see Appendix 3), one sees that the FTD postedited machine translations are slow, expensive, of poor graphic arts quality, and not very good translations.

The FTD machine-translation facility currently has a staff of 43 persons, including the posteditors. Their final product is 100,000 words of poor translation per day. Since JPRS could do the same amount of translation faster and for less than half the price, the Committee is at a loss to understand why the FTD does not rely on the services of the JPRS.

Appendix 6

Journals Translated with National Science Foundation Support

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS APPENDIX

AGI                        American Geological Institute

AGS                       American Geographical Society

AGU                       American Geophysical Union

AIBS            American Institute of Biological Sciences AIChE              American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIP                         American Institute of Physics

AMS                       American Mathematical Society

ASME                    American Society of Mechanical Engineers

CB                          Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc.

ESA                        Entomological Society of America

GChS                      The Geochemical Society

IEEE                       Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IJSM                       International Journal of the Science of Metals

ISA                         Instrument Society of America

OSA                       Optical Society of America

SIAM                     Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

SSSA                      Soil Science Society of America

ST                           Scripta Technica, Inc.

APPENDIX 6

TABLE 1. Journals Translated with NSF Support

Number of Subscribers  

SponsorTitle of JournalFiscal Year 1961Fiscal Year 1962Fiscal Year 1963Fiscal Year 1964  

AGIIzv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geol. Ser.136130Merged with Intern.Geol. Rev. a  

AGIDokl. Earth Sci. Sect.224312353360  

AGIIntern. Geol. Rev. a400564625655  

AGSSoviet Geogr.: Rev. Trans. a540750760750  

AGUBull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser. b310450431500  

AGUGeod. and Aerophotog.100135150150  

AGUGeomagnetism and Aeronomy-150150150  

AIChEIntern. Chem. Eng. a1251,5001,8001,541  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Solid State5001,0381,025990  

AIPSoviet Astron. - AJ250553550520  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Usp.600782700-  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Cryst.400742750710  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Acoust.-784775730  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Tech. Phys.-874900825  

AIPSoviet Phys. - JETP-1,2411,275-  

AIPSoviet Phys. - Dokl.-954950-  

AMSSoviet Math.400500600700  

AMSActa Math. Sinica--58200  

ASMEAppl. Math. Mech.138165165500  

IJSMPhys. Metals Metallog.542618700700  

IJSMMetallurg.128220240275  

IJSMMetal Sci. Heat Treat. Metals80125138250  

IJSMRefractories79120133200  

cDokl. - Biol. Sci. Sect.284  

cDokl. - Botan. Sci. Sect.269 

cDokl. - Biochem.Sect.2101,093763800  

cPlant Physiol.336  

cMicrobiology340  

IEEETelecommunications176355480  

IEEERadio Eng. Electron. Phys.2544457352,600  

IEEERadio Eng.191360500 

GChSGeochemistry d260  

ISAAutom. Remote Control657731609682  

ISAInd. Lab.307355281318  

ISAInstr. Exptl. Tech.470526460518  

ISAMeas. Tech.373414346381  

SIAMTheory Probability Appl.700590590700  

eSoviet Soil Sci.168267394500  

fEntomol. Rev.126141300500  

OSAOpt. Spectry.Free of Charge1,6002,1002,100  

AGUSoviet Oceanog. a, g--105105  

AGUSoviet Hydrol. a-200280300  

IEEEElect. Eng. Japan--213375  

IEEEElectron. Commun. Japan--269440  

Total9,81319,78421,65321,330 

aSelected articles only. All others listed are cover-to-cover translations.

bSplit into Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. and Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth. cSponsors: 1961-first half of 1962, AIBS; second half of 1962-1963, CB; 1964, CB self-supporting. dReplaced by Geochem. Intern. (selected), AGI.

47

eSponsors: 1961-first half of 1962, AIBS; second half of 1962-1963, ST; 1964, SSSA. fSponsors: 1961-first half of 1962, AIBS; second half of 1962-1963, ST; 1964, ESA. gReplaced by Oceanology (cover-to-cover).

APPENDIX 648

TABLE 2. Translation Journals That Achieved Self-Sufficiency IN JANUARY 1964

Soviet Phys. - JETPAIP

Soviet Phys. - Dokl.AIP

Soviet Phys. - Usp.AIP

Soviet Phys. - Solid StateAIP

Soviet Phys. - Acoust.AIP

Soviet Phys. - Cryst.AIP

Soviet Phys. - AJAIP

Soviet Phys. - Tech. Phys.AIP

Appl. Math. Mech.ASME/Pergamon

Phys. Metals Metallog.IJSM/Pergamon

Dokl. - Biol. Sci. Sect.CB

Dokl. - Botan. Sci. Sect.CB

Dokl. - Biochem. Sect.CB

Plant Physiol.CB

MicrobiologyCB

IN JANUARY 1965

Metal Sci. Heat Treat. MetalsIJSM/CB

Metallurg.IJSM/CB

RefractoriesIJSM/CB

Friction and Wear in MachineryASME

APPENDIX 6

TABLE 3. Average Time Performance of One Journal Issue in Fiscal Year 1964 (in weeks)

JournalSponsorTranslationEditingCompositionPrinting and DistributionTotal  

Bull. Sov. Antarctic ExpeditionAGU434415  

Dokl., Earth Sci. Ser.AGI856524  

Elect. Eng. JapanIEEE765422  

Electron. Commun. JapanIEEE765422  

Eng. CyberneticsIEEE466521  

Entomol. Rev.ESA736521  

Geochem. Intern.AGI846523  

Geod. and Aerophotog.AGU434415  

Geomagnetism and AeronomyAGU556420  

Radio Eng. Electron. Phys.IEEE1056526  

Soviet Hydrol.AGU636419  

Soviet Oceanog.AGU454417  

Soviet Soil Sci.SSSA434516  

TelecommunicationsIEEE746522  

Soviet Phys. - Tech. Phys.AIP10a9322  

Soviet Phys. - Cryst.AIP11a9323  

Soviet Astron. - AJAIP10a9322  

Soviet Phys. - Dokl.AIP9a8320  

Soviet Phys.- Solid StateAIP10a9322  

Soviet Phys. - Acoust.AIP12a8323  

Soviet Phys. - JETPAIP14a4321  

Soviet Phys. - Usp.AIP18a5326  

aEditing time included in translation. 

713  

314  

25Not Graded*26Not Graded*  

330123 

Total Worldwide Translators and Clerk Translators: 453

*Employed by an agency that does not use the grading system.

Classification of Translators and Clerk Translators According to Representative Agency

TranslatorsClerk Translators*Agency

U.S.A.WorldwideU.S.A.Worldwide  

171755Library of Congress  

262622Dept. of State  

351Treasury Dept.  

321121751Dept. of the Army  

111326Dept. of the Navy  

223734Dept. of the Air Force  

131466Dept. of Justice  

99Post Office Dept.  

44Dept. of the Interior  

5514Dept. of Agriculture  

1818Dept. of Commerce  

363611Dept. of Health, Education and  

Welfare  

11Canal Zone Government  

11Federal Aviation Agency  

11Federal Communications  

Commission  

11General Services Administration  

1Housing and Home Finance  

Agency  

91799U.S. Information Agency  

22National Aeronautics and Space  

Administration  

1National Labor Relations Board  

22Panama Canal Company  

11Railroad Retirement Board  

6711Veterans' Administration 

*A clerk translator primarily does clerical work and is required to have some familiarity with the language involved in his work. The bulk of clerk translators are located on the Mexican border, in Puerto Rico, and on Indian reservations.

Civil Service Salary Schedule, 1964

GradeMinimumMaximumMean  

4$ 4,480$ 5,830$ 5,155  

55,0006,4855,743  

65,5057,1706,338  

76,0507,8506,950  

86,6308,6107,620  

97,2209,4258,323  

107,90010,3309,115  

118,65011,3059,978  

1210,25013,44511,848  

1312,07515,85513,965  

1414,17018,58016,375 

CGS QUALIFICATION STANDARDS, TRANSLATOR SERIES (EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 1959)*

Translator GS-5/11

Category I positions require sufficient knowledge of the languages involved to render adequate translations of simple, uncomplicated, nontechnical material such as birth, marriage, and death certificates, proofs of residence, and correspondence dealing with relatively simple inquiries for information about benefits, services, etc. Positions in this category are found only at GS-5 and GS-7.

Category II positions require that the translator have a native ability† in the language into which the translation is made, and a comprehensive knowledge ‡  of the language from which the translation is made. Translations cover a broad variety of subjects such as science, economics, legal, and diplomatic work, as well as any other type of technical or specialized subject-matter material that may require translation. The level of difficulty of positions in this category is determined not by degree of language proficiency alone but also by the knowledge and comprehension of the subject matter involved, Positions in this category are found at all levels between GS-5 and GS-12.

*Quoted from GS-031.

†Native ability in a language is the ability to speak or write a language so  fluently that the expression of thought is structurally, grammatically, and idiomatically correct and reflects a range of vocabulary in the language commonly characteristic of a person who has received his education through the high-school level in a country of the language.

‡Comprehensive knowledge of a language means the ability to read the language easily. It represents an ability acquired usually acquired through academic study and is a lesser ability than “native ability” as defined here.

LANGUAGE AND EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS–CATEGORY I POSITIONS

Written Tests are Required for All Positions

Grade GS-5. Candidates must be able to translate from one foreign language into English or from English into one foreign language.

Grade GS-7. Candidates must be able to translate from two foreign languages into English, or from English and one foreign language into one other foreign language. In addition, candidates for grade GS-7 must have 1 year's specialized experience in preparing written translations of nontechnical material of routine or repetitive nature in the appropriate languages.

LANGUAGE AND EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS–CATEGORY II POSITIONS

Written Tests are Required for All Positions

Positions in this category require the ability to translate from at least two foreign languages into English or from English into a foreign language and from the same foreign language into English.

In addition to basic language ability, candidates must have the following number of years of specialized experience:

GradeTotal, yr  

GS-50  

GS-71  

GS-92  

GS-113 

This work experience must demonstrate the ability to prepare written translations in the appropriate languages, involving technical material in one or more specialized subject-matter fields such as architecture, automotive mechanics, physics, biology, legal or judicial procedures, foreign affairs, statistics, etc.

This translation work must be of such a nature that the finished products appear to have been written by a native subject-matter specialist or technician in terms of sense, tone, style, and terminology. The degree of finish will depend upon the level of difficulty involved. For all levels above GS-7, 1 year of this specialized experience must be equivalent in scope and difficulty to that of the next lower level in this series.

Appendix 8

Demand for and Availability of Translators

A.GEOGRAPHICAL DEMAND

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, the geographical demand for translators during calendar year 1964 was centered in Washington, D. C. (see below). The only other demand recorded on the bureau's interarea recruitment records was as follows:

Month, 1964No. of OpeningsLocations  

January4Minn., Mo., Ark., Hawaii  

February5N. J., Pa., Mo., Ark., Hawaii  

March2Mo., Ark.  

April2Mo., Ark.  

May3N. J., Ohio, Mo.  

June3N. J., Ohio, Mo.  

July2Minn., Mo.  

August2N. J., Mo.  

September2N. J., Mo.  

October2N. J., Mo.  

November2N. J., Mo.  

December3N. J., Ill., Mo. 

Although New Jersey and Missouri each appear more frequently than do the other states, the Bureau feels that this repetitive requirement reflects difficulty in securing qualified persons rather than a turnover of translator personnel.

B.GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA THAT ANNOUNCED VACANCIES IN FISCAL YEAR 1964

(Data supplied by the U.S. Employment Service, District of Columbia Professional Placement Center)

AgencyLanguage(s)

Central Intelligence AgencyInformation not available

Department of StateArabic, Persian, Turkish, Slavic

U.S. Information AgencyFrench

U.S. Joint Publications Research ServiceAll Voice of AmericaHindi

National Security AgencyInformation not available

A.GOVERNMENT VACANCIES BY TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT

(Data supplied by United States Employment Service, District of Columbia Professional Placement Center)

I.Full-Time Translators

Note: The U.S. Employment Service defines full-time employment in the following categories:

(a)Permanent full-time–A position that lasts more than 30 days and has a 5- day, 40-hr week.

(b)Temporary full-time–A position that lasts 4 to 30 days and has a 5-day, 40-hr week.

(c)Short-time full-time–A position that lasts less than 4 days and has an 8- hr day.

The only agency that requested permanent full-time translators was the National Security Agency. No translators were requested under categories (b) and (c).

II.Part-Time Translators

Note: The U.S. Employment Service defines part-time employment in the following categories:

(a)Permanent part-time–A position that lasts more than 30 days and has less than an 8-hr day.

(b)Temporary part-time–A position that lasts 4 to 30 days and has less than an 8-hr day.

(c)Short-time part-time–A position that lasts less than 4 days and has less than an 8-hr day.

Permanent part-time translators (a) were requested by the U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. Temporary part-time translators (b) were requested by The U.S. Department of State Foreign Service Institute. No short- time part-time translators (c) were requested. It is interesting to note that the agency requesting category (b) translators did not request category (c) translators.

B.NUMBER OF AVAILABLE TRANSLATORS IN THE WASHINGTON AREA

The U.S. Employment Service, District of Columbia Professional Placement Center, has 523 translators registered. (The number of available translators (826) exceeds the number of translators registered (523) because many translators indicated their ability to work in more than two languages). A sample of the number of translators available for work in some of the more exotic languages is shown below.

LanguageNo. of Available Translators  

African Languages  

Akau2  

Amharic4  

Efik1  

Fante2  

Hausa2  

Ibo3  

Mandingo1  

Swahili6  

Twi1  

Yoruba3  

Chinese Languages  

Mandarin21  

Cantonese3  

Shanghai3  

Fukien1  

Indian Languages  

Bengali6  

Gujarati4  

Hindi11  

Malayalam4  

Tamil5  

Telugu5  

Urdu4  

Philippine Languages  

Bikol1  

Chabokano1  

Ermitano1  

Tagalog5  

Wraywaray1 

The Committee would like to express its appreciation to Miss E. Catherine Phelps, Manager of the U.S. Employment Service, District of Columbia Professional Placement Center, for her cooperation in providing these data for the Committee's use.

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