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扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落

已有 6556 次阅读 2021-5-2 22:08 |系统分类:科研笔记

扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落

陈华燕

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (半翅目Hemiptera: 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae)原产美国,近年来逐渐成为亚洲国家的入侵性害虫。扶桑绵粉蚧(图1)杂食性害虫,寄主植物范围广,可取食64267种植物(Nagrare et al., 2019),包括棉花等重要的经济作物(Nagrare et al., 2019; Rezk et al., 2019),在亚洲国家尤其是印度和巴基斯坦对棉花造成巨大的经济损失,因此它又被称为“棉花粉蚧”。2008年在广州首次发现该害虫入侵我国(武三安和张润志, 2009)截至2018年底,该害虫已我国大陆分布至16个省、直辖市、自治区,而且根据气候适应性分析,我国所有的棉花产区都有被扶桑绵粉蚧入侵的风险(Wang et al., 2020)。

扶桑绵粉蚧主要以若虫和雌成虫吸食植物的叶片、枝条、果实、主干和根部韧皮部汁液,分泌蜜露导致烟煤病发生影响植物光合作用,同时作为媒介昆虫传播多种植物病毒(Saeed et al., 2007; 陈红松等, 2019)目前,化学防治还是扶桑绵粉蚧的主要防治方法。但由于扶桑绵粉蚧体外蜡脂保护、卵胎生、世代重叠和隐藏等习性有效的防治手段常常限于使用传统杀虫剂 (Fand et al., 2015); 然而由于长期和大量使用化学农药,导致扶桑绵粉蚧对多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性或交互抗性,引起虫情反弹(Kaur and Virk, 2011; Ejaz et al., 2019; Nagrare et al., 2019; Afzal et al., 2019),同时杀虫剂影响非靶标生物、影响环境和人类健康(Asogwa et al., 2010)。因此,扶桑绵粉蚧的可持续性防治手段,如生物防治等,近年来逐渐得到了很大的关注。利用天敌(尤其是寄生蜂)来控制害虫的生物防治被认为是自然控制扶桑绵粉蚧的关键手段。目前,在全世界有扶桑绵粉蚧分布的区域已经发现该粉蚧的至少有638种(见表1)原寄生蜂或重寄生蜂。进一步在生物防治上对这些寄生蜂进行评估和利用,需要对这些物种进行正确鉴定。因为不同的原寄生蜂其生物学特性有所不同,控制害虫的效果也有所不同,而我们希望能够找到安全高效的种类。另外,重寄生蜂作为原寄生蜂的寄生蜂,会大大降低原寄生蜂的防治效果。因此,需要全面了解和鉴定扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落。我们经过接近10年的调查,在华南9个省份和地区发现了扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂种类达18种(见表1),隶属膜翅目411属,其中原寄生蜂8种,重寄生蜂10。原寄生蜂以亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)(=班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat)(2为优势种,已有的研究表明,种具有大的潜力扶桑粉蚧行有效控制,未来的研究应该关注开发该跳小蜂的大量繁殖和田间释放。重寄生蜂尤以南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu2为优势种,重寄生蜂寄生亚利桑那跳小蜂,且聚寄生,一个僵蚧可育出多达19只后代,会大大降低亚利桑那跳小蜂的防治效果。异地引入亚利桑那跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧进行生物防治时,必须避免同时引进了重寄生蜂。

HC_YongxingIsland_20190417_133.jpg

1. 扶桑绵粉蚧

Mealybug parasitoids.jpg

图2. A 亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis 寄生扶桑绵粉蚧 B 南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis 重寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂(可能是亚利桑那跳小蜂C 黄脸拟暗蚜小蜂Promuscidea unfasciativentris 在扶桑绵粉蚧僵蚧上寄生

1. 扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂/重寄生蜂(“?”号代表生物学不确定)

Family

Species

Parasitoid

or Hyperparasitoid

Reference

Aphelinidae

Marietta picta (André, 1878)

 parasitoid

李金峰等,2020

Myiocnema comperei Ashmead

 parasitoid

李金峰等,2020

Promuscidea unfasciativentris Girault

hyperparasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010 李金峰等,2020

Encyrtidae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)

parasitoid

Hayat, 2009

Acerophagus coccois Smith

parasitoid

陈华燕等,2011

Acerophagus sp1

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Acerophagus sp2

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Anagyrus kamali Moursi

parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010; 李金峰等,2020

Anagyrus agraensis Sarawat

 parasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal and Alam

 parasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Anagyrus californicus (Compere)

 parasitoid

Spodek et al. 2018

Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard)

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Anagyrus jenniferae Noyes & Hayat

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Anagyrus kamali Moursi

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Anagyrus osmoi Guerrieri & Ghahri

 parasitoid

Guerrierri & Ghahari 2018

Anagyrus tristis Noyes & Hayat

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Bothriothorax serratellusDalman

 hyperparasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Cheiloneurus sp.

 parasitoid

Fuchs et al. 1991

Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu

 hyperparasitoid

李金峰等,2020; Li et al. 2020

Encyrtus aurantiiGeoffroy

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Homalotylus albiclavatusAgarwal

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Leptomastix algirica Trjapitzin

 parasitoid

Spodek et al. 2018

Leptomastix dactylopii Howard

 parasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Leptomastix mayri Özdikmen

 parasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Leptomastix epona (Walker)

 parasitoid

Caliskan et al. 2016

Metaphycus sp.

 parasitoid

Nagrare et al. 2011

Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet)

hyperparasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Prochiloneurus javanicus (Ferriere)

hyperparasitoid

Joshi et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2021

Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis (Ishii)

 hyperparasitoid

陈华燕等,2011

Prochiloneurus nigricornis (Girault)

 hyperparasitoid

李金峰等,2020

Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri

hyperparasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010 ; Wang et al. 2014

Prochiloneurus rex (Girault)

hyperparasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Prochiloneurus stenopterus Wang, Huang & Xu

hyperparasitoid

Wang et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2021

Prochiloneurus testaceus (Agarwal)

hyperparasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Prochiloneurus uyguni Hayat

hyperparasitoid

Caliskan et al. 2016

Prochiloneurus sp.

? hyperparasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Pseudleptomastix squammulata Girault

 parasitoid

Spodek et al. 2018

Eulophidae

 

Aprostocetus bangaloricus Narendran

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Aprostocetus minutus (Howard)

 parasitoid

Fuchs et al. 1991

Platygastridae

Allotropa phenacocca Chen, Liu & Xu

 parasitoid

Chen et al. 2011; 李金峰等,2020

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron leucopiscida Mani

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Signiphoridae

 

 

 

 

Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal)

 parasitoid

Vennila et al. 2010

Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikolskaya)

hyperparasitoid

Torfi et al. 2020

Chartocerus sp1

?hyperparasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Chartocerus sp2

?hyperparasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

Chartocerus sp3

?hyperparasitoid

Chen et al. 2021

 

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