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Top 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories That Turned out to be Wrong1.mp4

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Top 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories That Turned out to be Wrong

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Top 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories (That Turned out to be Wrong)

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英汉对照（机器翻译）

top ten most famous scientific theories

十大最著名的

that turned out to be wrong

被证明是错误的科学理论第

number 10 the discovery of Vulcan Vulcan

10名火神星的发现火神星

was a planet that 19th century

是一颗行星，19世纪

scientists believed to exist somewhere

科学家相信存在

between mercury in the Sun the

于太阳中水银之间的某个地方，

mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph live

数学家Urbain Jean Joseph居住

area first proposed its existence after

区在之后首次提出了它的存在

he and many other scientists were unable

他和许多其他科学家无法

to explain certain peculiarities about

解释

Mercury's orbit scientists like La Feria

水星轨道的某些特殊性。像拉费里亚这样的科学家

argued that this had to be caused by

认为，这一定是由

some objects like a small planet or moon

一些天体造成的，比如小行星或月球

acting as a gravitational force La Feria

作为引力作用。拉费里亚以

called his hypothetical planet Vulcan

after the Roman god of fire soon amateur

罗马神的名字命名他假想的行星瓦肯星。 很快，

astronomers around Europe you get to be

欧洲各地的业余天文学家就成为了

a part of a scientific discovery

一项科学发现的一部分，他们

contacted l''ve area and claimed to have

联系了 l've 地区，并声称在

witnessed the mysterious planet making

its transit around the Sun for years

数年后亲眼目睹了这颗神秘的行星绕太阳运行，

afterward Vulcan sightings continued to

随后

pour in from around the globe and when

全球各地不断涌现出火神目击事件。 当

la Varia died in 1877 he was still

拉瓦里亚于 1877 年去世时，他仍然被

regarded as having discovered a new

认为在太阳系中发现了一颗新

planet in the solar system how it was

行星，如果

proven wrong without Lovera acting as a

没有洛维拉

cheerleader for Vulcans existence it

为瓦肯人的存在充当啦啦队队长，它是如何被证明是错误的呢？

suddenly began to be doubted by many

突然开始受到许多

notable astronomers the search was

著名天文学家的怀疑，搜索

effectively abandoned in 1915 after

实际上被放弃了 1915 年，

Einstein's theory of general relativity

爱因斯坦的广义相对论

helped to explain once and for all why

帮助一劳永逸地解释了为什么

mercury orbited the Sun in such a

水星以如此

strange fashion but amateur stargazers

奇怪的方式绕太阳运行，但业余观星者仍在

continued the search and as recently as

继续寻找，直到

1970 there have been people who have

1970 年，有人声称

claimed to see a strange object orbiting

看到了一个奇怪的物体绕

the Sun beyond mercury amusingly the

太阳运行。 水星之外的太阳有趣的是，

entire would-be discoveries greatest

整个可能的发现今天最伟大的

legacy today is that it inspired the

遗产是，它启发了《

name of the home planet of the character

Spock from Star Trek number 9

星际迷航》第 9 号

spontaneous generation although it might

自发生成中角色斯波克的家乡行星的名字，尽管

seem a bit ludicrous today for thousands

今天看起来有点可笑，数千年来人们

of years it was believed that life

相信 生命

regularly arose from the elements

通常是由元素产生的，

without first being formed through a

而不是首先通过

seed egg or other traditional means of

卵子或其他传统的

reproduction the main purveyor of the

繁殖方式形成。该理论的主要传播者

theory was Aristotle who based his

是亚里士多德，他的

studies on the ideas of thinkers like

研究基于

Anaximander Hippolytus and anaxagoras

阿那克西曼德·希波吕托斯和阿那克萨戈拉等思想家的思想，他们都

all of whom stressed the way in which

强调生命的方式。 当

life could spontaneously come into being

from inanimate matter like slime mud and

earth when exposed to sunlight

暴露在阳光下时，生命可以从像粘泥和泥土这样的无生命物质中自发地形成

Aristotle based his own ideas on the

亚里士多德基于他自己的想法，他

observation of the way maggots would

观察到蛆

seemingly generate out of dead animal

似乎从动物

carcasses or barnacles would form on the

尸体中产生，或者藤壶在

howl of a boat

船的呼啸中形成，

this theory that life could literally

这一理论

spring from nothing managed to persist

for hundreds of years after Aristotle

亚里士多德之后，生命实际上可以从虚无中产生，这种说法持续了数百年，

and was even being proposed by some

甚至在

scientists as recently as the 1700s how

1700 年代才被一些科学家提出。

it was proven wrong it was only with the

adoption of the scientific method that

many of the classical theories like

就像

spontaneous generation began to be

自发产生开始接受

tested once they were they quickly

测试一样，它们很快就会

crumbled

崩溃，

for example famed scientist Louis

例如著名科学家路易斯·

Pasteur showed that maggots would not

巴斯德表明，保存

appear on meats kept in a sealed

在密封容器中的肉上不会出现蛆虫，

container and the invention of the

microscope helped to show that these

显微镜的发明有助于表明这些

same insects were formed not by

相同的昆虫不是

spontaneous generation but by airborne

自发形成的 产生，但通过空气传播的

microorganisms number eight the

微生物第八号

expanding earth a modern understanding

膨胀的地球现代对

of the interior and behaviour of the

地球内部和行为的理解

earth is strongly based around plate

很大程度上基于板块

tectonics and the concept of subduction

构造和俯冲的概念，

but before this idea was widely accepted

但在这个想法

in the late 20th century a good number

在20世纪末被广泛接受之前，很多

of scientists subscribe to the much more

科学家都订阅了 相对于更

fantastical theory that the earth was

奇幻的理论，即地球的

forever increasing in volume the

体积永远在增加，

expanding earth hypothesis stated the

膨胀地球假说指出，

phenomena like underwater mountain

水下

ranges and continental drift could be

山脉和大陆漂移等现象可以

explained by the fact that the planet

通过以下事实来解释：

was gradually growing larger as the

随着地球尺寸的增大，地球逐渐变大，

globe size grew proponents argued the

支持者认为

distance between continents would

距离 大陆之间的距离会

increase as with the Earth's crust which

随着地壳的增加而增加，这

would have explained the creation of new

可以解释新山脉的形成。

mountains the theory has a long and

这个理论有着悠久而

storied past beginning with Darwin who

传奇的历史，始于达尔文，他在

briefly tinkered with it before casting

抛弃它之前对其进行了短暂的修改，

it aside and Nikola Tesla who compared

尼古拉·特斯拉将这一

the process to that of the expansion of

过程与扩张的过程进行了比较

a dying star how it was proven wrong the

一颗垂死恒星的理论如何被证明是错误的

expanding earth hypothesis has never

地球膨胀假说从未被

been proven wrong exactly but it has

证明是错误的，但它已被

been widely replaced with the much more

更

sophisticated theory of plate tectonics

复杂的板块构造理论所广泛取代，

while the expanding Earth theory holds

而地球膨胀理论认为

that all land masses were once connected

所有陆地块曾经是相连的，并且

and that oceans and mountains were only

海洋 山脉只是

created as a result of the planets

由于行星

growing volume plate tectonics explains

体积不断增大而形成的 板块构造

the same phenomena by way of plates in

通过岩石圈中的板块解释了同样的现象，这些板块在

the lithosphere that move and converge

beneath the earth's surface

地球表面下移动和汇聚

number seven flow geist on theory first

第七号流动精神理论首先

expressed by Johann Joachim Becherer in

由 Johann Joachim Becherer 在

1667 phlogiston theory is the idea that

1667 年的燃素理论中提出 是这样的想法：

all combustible objects that is anything

所有可燃物体，即任何

that can catch fire contain a special

能着火的东西都含有一种

element called phlogiston that is

称为燃素的特殊元素，它

released during burning and

在燃烧过程中释放出来，

which makes the whole process possible

这使得整个过程以其

in its traditional form phlogiston was

传统形式成为可能。

said to be without color taste or odor

据说燃素没有颜色、味道或气味，

and was only made visible when a

只是被制成 当一棵树

flammable object like a tree or pile of

或一堆树叶等易燃物体

leaves caught fire once it was burned

着火时，一旦它被燃烧

and all its flow just unreleased the

并且它的所有流动都没有释放出来，

object was said to once again exist in

据说该物体再次

its true form known as calques beyond

以其真实的形式存在，称为

basic combustion the theory also sought

基本燃烧之外的卡尔克，该理论还试图

to explain chemical processes like the

解释化学过程 就像

rusting of metals and was even used as a

金属生锈一样，甚至被用作

means of understanding breathing as pure

理解呼吸的一种手段，因为

oxygen was described as d flow just

纯氧被描述为流动的

elated air how it was proven wrong the

空气，它是如何被证明是错误的，

more experiments that were performed

using the flow just on model the more

使用模型上的流动进行的实验越多，

dubious it became as a theory one of the

它作为空气的流动就越可疑。

most significant was that when certain

最重要的理论之一是，当某些

metals were burned they actually gained

金属燃烧时，它们实际上增加了

weight instead of losing it as they

重量，而不是减轻了重量，因为它们

should have the phlogiston was being

应该

released the idea eventually fell out of

释放燃素，这个想法最终

favor and to since been replaced by more

失宠，并被更

sophisticated theories like oxidation

复杂的理论所取代，例如氧化

number six the Martian canals the

六 火星运河 火星

Martian canals were a network of gullies

运河是一个由沟壑

and ravines that 19th century scientists

和峡谷组成的网络，19 世纪的科学家

mistakenly believed to exist on the red

错误地认为存在于这颗红色星球上。1877

planet the canals were first discovered

in 1877 by Italian astronomer Giovanni

年，意大利天文学家乔瓦尼·夏帕雷利 (Giovanni

Schiaparelli after other stargazers

Schiaparelli) 首次发现了这些运河，在其他天文学家

corroborated his claims the canals

证实了他的说法后，这些运河

became something of a phenomenon

成为了一种现象

scientists through detailed maps tracing

科学家们通过详细的地图追踪

their paths and soon wild speculation

他们的路径，很快就

began on their possible origins and use

开始了对它们可能的起源和用途的疯狂猜测。

perhaps the most absurd Theory came from

也许最荒谬的理论来自

Percival Lau a mathematician and

数学家和天文学家珀西瓦尔·刘(Percival Lau)，

astronomer who jumped to the bizarre

他得出了一个奇怪的

conclusion that the canals were a

结论：运河是一个

sophisticated irrigation system

developed by an unknown intelligent

由未知智能开发的复杂灌溉系统。

species now hypothesis was widely

物种现在假说

discredited by other scientists but it

被其他科学家广泛质疑，但它

was also popularly accepted and the idea

也被广泛接受，这个想法

managed to survive in some circles well

在某些圈子里一直延续

into the 20th century how it was proven

到20世纪，它是如何被证明是

wrong quite unspectacular Lee the

错误的，相当不起眼的李，

Martian canals were only proven to be a

火星运河只是随着出现而被证明是一个

myth with the advent of greater

神话 借助更大的

telescopes and imaging technology it

望远镜和成像技术，事实

turns out that's what looks like canals

证明，那些看起来像运河的东西

was in fact an optical illusion caused

实际上是由

by streaks of dust blown across the

Martian surface by heavy winds several

强风吹过火星表面的尘埃条纹造成的视错觉，一些

scientists had proposed a similar theory

科学家在 1900 年代初提出了类似的理论，

in the early 1900s but it was only

但只是被

proven correct in the 1960s and the

证明是正确的 在 20 世纪 60 年代，

first unmanned spacecraft made flybys

第一艘无人驾驶航天器飞越

over

and took pictures of its surface

并拍摄了其表面的

number-5 luminiferous ether the ether

5 号发光以太，以太

also known as the aether was a

也称为以太，是一种

mysterious substance that was long

神秘物质，长期以来被

believed to be the means through which

light was transmitted through the

universe philosophers as far back as the

哲学家认为是光在宇宙中传播的方式。 早在

Greeks had believed that light required

希腊人就相信光需要

a delivery system a means through which

一个传输系统，一种使光

it became visible and this idea managed

变得可见的手段，这种想法

to persist all the way through to the

一直持续到

19th century

19 世纪，

if correct the theory would have

如果正确的话，这个理论将

redefined our entire understanding of

重新定义我们对物理学的整个理解，

physics most notably if the ether were a

尤其是如果 以太是一种

physical substance that could exist even

物理物质，即使

in a vacuum then even deep space could

在真空中也可以存在，甚至深空也可以

be more easily measured and quantified

更容易地测量，量化

experiments often contradicted the

实验常常与

theory of the ether but by the 1700s it

以太理论相矛盾，但到了 1700 年代，它

had become so widespread that its

已经变得如此广泛，以至于它的

existence was assumed to be a given

存在被认为是给定的

later when the idea was abandoned

后来，当这个想法被放弃时，

physicist Albert Mickelson referred to

物理学家阿尔伯特·米克尔森将

luminiferous ether as one of the

发光以太称为

greatest generalizations in modern

现代科学中最伟大的概括之一，

science how it was proven wrong in

它如何在

traditional scientific fashion the

传统科学方式中被证明是错误的，

notion of luminiferous ether was only

gradually phased out as more scientific

随着更多的科学

theories came into play experiments in

理论开始在实验中发挥作用，发光以太的概念才逐渐被淘汰。

the diffraction and refraction of light

光的衍射和折射

had long rendered traditional models of

早已使传统的

the ether outdated but it was only when

以太模型变得过时，但直到

Einstein special theory of relativity

爱因斯坦狭义相对论

came along and completely reconfigured

出现并彻底重新配置了

physics that the idea lost the last of

物理学，这个想法才失去了最后的

its major adherents the theory still

主要追随者，尽管该理论仍然

exists in various forms though and many

以各种形式存在， 许多人

have argued that modern scientists

认为，现代科学家

simply used terms like fields and fabric

只是使用场和织物等术语来

in place of the more taboo term ether

代替白板理论中更禁忌的术语以太

number for the blank slate theory one of

数。

the oldest and most controversial

theories in psychology and philosophy is

心理学和哲学中最古老且最具争议的理论之一是

the theory of the blank slate or tabula

白板理论或白板

rasa which argues that people are born

理论，它 该理论的支持者认为，人生来就

with no built-in personality traits or

没有内在的人格特质或

proclivities proponents of the theory

倾向，该理论

which began with the work of Aristotle

始于亚里士多德的著作，

and was expressed by everyone from sin

并被从

Thomas Aquinas to empiricist philosopher

托马斯·阿奎那到经验主义哲学家

John Locke insisted that all mental

约翰·洛克的每个人所表达，坚持认为所有心理

content was the result of experience in

内容都是经验的结果。

education for these thinkers nothing was

对这些思想家来说，没有什么是

instinct or the result of nature the

本能或自然的结果，这一

idea found his most famous expression in

观点在心理学中最著名的表达是

psychology in the ideas of Sigmund Freud

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的思想，

whose theories of the unconscious

他的无意识理论

stressed that the elemental aspects of

强调，个人人格的基本方面

an individual's personality were

是

constructed by their early

由他们的早期

childhood experiences how it was proven

童年经历构建的。 事实证明

wrong while this little doubt that a

这是错误的，虽然人们对一个

person's experiences and learned

人的经历和后天习得的

behaviors have a huge impact on their

行为对其性格有巨大影响这一点表示怀疑，但

disposition it is also now widely

现在人们普遍

accepted that genes and other family

认为，从出生起遗传的基因和其他家庭

traits inherited from birth along with

特征以及

certain innate instincts also play a

某些先天本能也发挥着

crucial role this was only proven after

至关重要的作用，这只是被证明 经过

years of study that covered the ways in

多年的研究，涵盖了世界各地完全不同的文化中

which similar gestures like smiling and

相似的手势（例如微笑和

certain features of language could be

某些语言特征）的方式，

found throughout the world in radically

different cultures meanwhile studies of

同时对

adopted children and twins raised in

在不同家庭中长大的收养儿童和双胞胎的研究也

separate families have come to similar

得出了

conclusions about the ways certain

关于某些

traits can exist from birth number 3

特征的相似结论 可以从诞生之日起就存在 3 颅

phrenology although it is now regarded

相学，尽管它现在被认为只不过是

as nothing more than a pseudoscience in

its day phrenology was one of the most

当时的伪科学 颅相学是神经科学中

popular and well studied branches of

最受欢迎和研究最多的分支之一，

neuroscience in short proponents of

总之

phrenology believed that individual

颅相学的支持者认为，个体

character traits whether intelligence

性格特征，无论是智力、

aggression or an ear for music could all

攻击性还是耳朵 因为根据颅相学家的说法，音乐都可以

be localized to very specific parts of

定位于大脑的非常特定的部分，

the brain according to phrenologist the

larger each one of these parts of a

一个人大脑的这些部分越大，

person's brain was the more likely they

他们就越有可能以

were to behave in a certain way with

某种方式行事，考虑到

this in mind practitioners would often

这一点，从业者经常会

study the size and shape of subjects

研究其大小和特征。 受试者的

heads in order to determine or kind of

头部形状以确定其性格或性格类型，

personality they might have detailed

他们可能会创建

maps of the supposed 27 different areas

假定的大脑 27 个不同区域的详细地图，

of the brain were created and a person

并且一个人的

who had a particularly large bump on

their skull in the area for say the

头骨上在该区域有一个特别大的肿块，例如

sense of colors would assume to have a

颜色感 假设有

proclivity for painting how it was

绘画倾向，

proven wrong even in the heyday of its

即使在 1800 年代颅相学流行的鼎盛时期，它也被证明是错误的，

popularity in the 1800's phrenology was

often derided by mainstream scientists

经常被主流科学家嘲笑

as a form of quackery but their protests

为一种江湖骗术，但他们的抗议

were largely ignored until the 1900s

基本上被忽视，直到 1900 年代，

when modern scientific advances help

现代科学进步帮助

show that people's personality traits

表明， 人们的性格特征

could not be traced to specific portions

无法追溯到

of the brain at least in not as precise

大脑的特定部分，至少不能

away as the proponents of phrenology

像颅相学的支持者

often claimed phrenology still exists as

经常声称的那样精确。颅相学仍然作为

a fringe science but its use in the 20th

一门边缘科学存在，但它在 20

century has become somewhat infamous it

世纪的使用已经变得有点臭名昭着，它

has often been employed as a tool to

经常被采用 作为

promote racism most famously by the

宣扬种族主义的工具，最著名的是

Nazis as well as Belgium colonists in

纳粹和卢旺达的比利时殖民者。

Rwanda number two Einstein static

universe prior to scientists embracing

在科学家们接受

the notion that the universe

宇宙

was created as a result of the Big Bang

是大爆炸的结果之前，人们

it was commonly believed that the size

普遍认为，爱因斯坦静态宇宙

of the universe was an unchanging

的大小 宇宙是一个不变的

constant it had always been the size it

常数，它的大小一直都是

was and always would be the idea stated

这样，并且永远都是这样的想法，

that the total volume of the universe

即宇宙的总体积

was effectively fixed and that the whole

是有效固定的，整个

construct operated as a closed system

结构作为一个封闭的系统运行，

this theory found its biggest adherents

这一理论在阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦身上找到了最大的拥护者。

in Albert Einstein the static universe

静态宇宙

is often known as Einstein's universe

通常被称为爱因斯坦的宇宙，爱因斯坦

who argued in favor of it and even

对此表示支持，甚至将

calculated it into his theory of general

其计算到他的

relativity how it was proven wrong the

广义相对论中，它是如何被证明是错误的

theory of a static universe was

静态宇宙理论

problematic from the start first of all

从一开始就有问题首先，

a finite universe could theoretically

有限的宇宙理论上可以

become so dense that it would collapse

变得如此

into a giant black hole a problem

Einstein compensated for with his

爱因斯坦用他的

principle of the cosmological constant

宇宙常数原理弥补了这个问题，但

still the final nail in the coffin for

the idea was Edwin Hubble's discovery of

埃德温·哈勃发现了

the relationship between redshift the

红移与

way the color of heavenly bodies change

天体颜色变化之间的关系，这仍然是这个想法的最后一颗钉子。

as they move away from us and distance

它们远离我们，距离

which showed that the universe was

表明宇宙

indeed expanding Einstein would

确实在膨胀爱因斯坦

subsequently abandon his model and refer

随后放弃了他的模型并将

to it as the biggest blunder of his

其称为他职业生涯中最大的错误

career still like all cosmological ideas

仍然像所有宇宙学思想一样

the expanding universe is just a theory

膨胀的宇宙只是一个理论

and a small group of scientists today

和一小群科学家 今天

still subscribe to the old static model

仍然坚持旧的静态模型，

number one Fleischmann and pons is cold

弗莱施曼和庞斯的第一个模型是冷

fusion while the conditions required to

聚变，而

create nuclear energy usually require

产生核能所需的条件通常需要

extreme temperatures think of the

极端温度，想想为

processes that power the Sun the theory

太阳提供动力的过程，

of cold fusion states that such a

冷聚变理论指出，这种

reaction is possible at room temperature

反应在室温下是可能的 温度

it's a deceivingly simple concept but

这是一个看似简单的概念，但

the implications are spectacular if a

其含义是惊人的，如果

nuclear reaction could occur at room

核反应可以在室温下发生，

temperature then an abundance of energy

那么就可以产生大量的能量，而

could be created without the dangerous

不会产生危险的

waste the results from nuclear power

废物。核电站的结果，

plants the groundbreaking theory briefly

这一突破性的理论

seemed to have become a reality in 1989

似乎在 1989 年成为了现实。

when electro chemists Martin Fleischmann

当电化学家马丁·弗莱施曼 (Martin Fleischmann)

and Stanley pons published experimental

和斯坦利·庞斯 (Stanley pons) 发表的实验

results suggesting that they had

结果表明，他们已经

achieved cold fusion and the previous

实现了冷聚变，并且之前

excess energy it was hoped to produce in

希望在

an experiments where an electric current

电流

was run through seawater and a metal

通过海水和一种

called palladium the response to pons

名为钯的金属的实验中产生多余的能量，这是对庞斯

and Fleischmann's claims by the media

和弗莱施曼的反应 媒体

and the scientific community was

和科学界的说法

overwhelming

压倒性的，

the experiments were hailed as a turning

这些实验被誉为

point in science and it was

科学的转折点，

we believed that with cold fusion energy

我们相信冷聚变能源

would be cheap clean and abundant how it

将是廉价、清洁和丰富的，但事实

was proven wrong the fervor over cold

证明这是错误的，对冷

fusion died down as soon as other

聚变的热情很快就消失了 当其他

scientists tried to replicate the

科学家试图复制这个

experiment most failed to get any kind

实验时，大多数人都未能得到任何

of similar results and after their paper

类似的结果，在他们的论文

was closely studied freshman and pons

被仔细研究后，新生和庞斯

were accused of not only sloppy

不仅被指控草率、不道德的

unethical science but were even said to

科学，甚至据说在

have stretched the truth of their

results for years after the idea of cold

数年后夸大了他们结果的真实性。 尽管冷聚变的概念

fusion became synonymous with fringe

被认为是边缘科学的代名词，但

science still despite the stigma

attached to it many have argued that

许多人认为

there was never anything necessarily

wrong about cold fusion as a theory in

冷聚变作为一种理论从来没有什么必然的错误。

recent years scientists have once again

近年来，科学家们再次

started two experiments with new ways of

开始了两项实验，用新的方法来

achieving a so-called tabletop nuclear

实现冷聚变。  - 称为“桌面核

reaction with some even claiming to have

反应”，有些人甚至声称

achieved surprising success

取得了令人惊讶的成功，

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