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通过电催化方式可以将CO₂转化为高附加值化学品,如CO、CH₄、HCOOH、C₂H₄、C₂H₅OH等[1]。
CO₂还原反应涉及的产物种类较多,反应产生不同的产物是因反应过程中所需电子数不同引起的,因此CO₂还原反应中不同产率的计算方法与反应过程中转移的电子数息息相关。
现整理出CO₂还原反应中明确不同具体产物及其对应转移电子数表格,详见表1。
表1. CO₂还原为各种产物及相应电极反应式[2]
电催化CO₂还原反应涉及的活性评级指标主要有4种:
1.法拉第效率
法拉第效率(Faradaic efficiency)指目标产物消耗电荷量和总反应消耗电荷量的百分比,可以描述电催化反应过程中产物的选择性[3]。
在电催化CO₂还原反应中,气体产物的法拉第效率计算方式如下[4]:
液体产物的法拉第效率计算方式如下[5]:
2.局部电流密度
局部电流密度(jproduct)指目标产物所需的电流密度,计算公式如下[6]。
3.阴极能量转化效率
阴极能量转化效率(Cathodic Energy Efficiency,CEE)指还原产物所含化学能与总输入电能的百分比,计算公式如下[7]:
4.转换频率
转换频率(Turnover Frequency,TOF),即单位时间内单个活性位点的转化数,计算公式如下[8]:
以上内容信息均来自于文献,编者仅作整理,如有错误,还望及时指出!
参考文献:
[1] She Xiaojie, Shik Chi Edman Tsang*, Shu Ping Lau* et.al., Challenges and opportunities of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to chemicals and fuels[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2022, 22: 49.
[2] Liu Lizhen, Huang Hongwei*, Ma Tianyi*, et. al., Surface sites engineering on semiconductors to boost photocatalytic CO₂ reduction[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 75, 104959.
[3] Kempler, P.A.*, Nielander, A.C. Reliable reporting of Faradaic efficiencies for electrocatalysis research[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 1158.
[4] Li Shoujie, Chen Wei*, Sun Yuhan*, et. al., Hierarchical micro/nanostructured silver hollow fiber boosts electroreduction of carbon dioxide[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 3038, 13.
[5] Peng Chen, Yang Songtao, Zheng Gengfeng* et.al., Surface Co-modification of halide anions and potassium cations promotes high-rate CO₂-to-Ethanol electrosynthesis[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34, 2204476.
[6] Wang Genxiang, Chen Junxiang, Dai Liming* et.al., Electrocatalysis for CO₂ conversion: from fundamentals to value-added products[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2021,50, 4993.
[7] Lai Wenchuan, Lin Zhiqun*, Huang Hongwen* et.al., Design strategies for markedly enhancing energy efficiency in the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction[J]. Energy Environ. Sci., 2022, 15: 3603.
[8] Fan Zhaozhong, Luo Ruichong, Hou Jungang* et.al., Oxygen-bridged Indium-Nickel atomic pair as dual-metal active sites enabling synergistic electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2023, 135, e202216326.
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