Formula and code for calculating distance based on two lat/lon locations

The following is the formula I use in perl to do the calculations.  Perl expects all of the angles to be in radians.

return &acos(cos($a1)*cos($b1)*cos($a2)*cos($b2) + cos($a1)*sin($b1)*cos($a2)*sin($b2) + sin($a1)*sin($a2)) * $r;

Where:

$a1 = lat1 in radians
$b1 = lon1 in radians
$a2 = lat2 in radians
$b2 = lon2 in radians
$r = radius of the earth in whatever units you want

The values I use for radius of the earth are:

地球半径取值

3963.1 statute miles 英里
3443.9 nautical miles 海里
6378 km 公里

To convert the decimal degrees to radians use the following perl.

# define an accurate value for PI

$pi = atan2(1,1) * 4;

#
# make sure the sign of the angle is correct for the direction
# West an South are negative angles
#

$degrees = $degrees * -1 if $direction =~ /[WwSs]/;
$radians = $degrees*($pi/180);

To convert degree minutes and seconds to decimal degrees use the following perl formula.

$dec_deg = $deg + ($min + $sec/60)/60;

Finally, there is no acos function in perl so here is the function I use.  I don't remember where I got the math for this.

# subroutine acos
#
# input: an angle in radians
#
# output: returns the arc cosine of the angle
#
# description: this is needed because perl does not provide an arc cosine function

sub acos {

   my($x) = @_;
   my $ret = atan2(sqrt(1 - $x**2), $x);
   return $ret;
}