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Classification of Art Development Based on DIKWP
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Yucong Duan
International Standardization Committee of Networked DIKWP for Artificial Intelligence Evaluation(DIKWP-SC)
World Artificial Consciousness CIC(WAC)
World Conference on Artificial Consciousness(WCAC)
(Email: duanyucong@hotmail.com)
IntroductionThe development of art is a crucial component of human civilization, reflecting the transformations in society, culture, technology, and philosophical thought across different historical periods. By integrating the DIKWP philosophical framework (Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom, Purpose) and the Subjective-Objective (SUB-OBJ) interactive expression modes, we can systematically comprehend the trajectory of art development and the relationships among various art movements.
Overview of DIKWP Philosophy and SUB-OBJ Expression ModesDIKWP Philosophical FrameworkData (D): Objective facts and the external world perceived; the foundation of information.
Information (I): Data that has been interpreted and given meaning, possessing a degree of subjectivity.
Knowledge (K): Systematized, structured, and verified information, forming cognition about the world.
Wisdom (W): Deep understanding and comprehensive application of knowledge, enabling judgment, decision-making, and innovation.
Purpose (P): Clear goals, motivations, and values that drive action and creation.
(OBJ-OBJ): Objective to Objective expression, emphasizing faithful reproduction of reality, with artists minimizing personal emotional involvement.
(OBJ-SUB): Objective to Subjective expression, starting from objective reality, incorporating subjective feelings and emotions, emphasizing personal experience.
(SUB-OBJ): Subjective to Objective expression, where artists present inner subjective emotions and thoughts through objective forms and symbols.
(SUB-SUB): Subjective to Subjective expression, completely detached from objective reality, directly expressing the inner spiritual world, abstract concepts, or subconsciousness.
Representative Works: Lascaux Cave Paintings in France, Altamira Cave Paintings in Spain, African rock art.
Characteristics:
Practicality and Religiosity: Artworks are often related to hunting, rituals, and religious ceremonies, possessing magical and totemic significance.
Simplified Expression: Depictions of animals, humans, and symbols using simple lines and color blocks, direct and unadorned.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Primarily at the Data (D) level, recording objective reality, fulfilling survival and religious Purpose (P).
Expression Mode: (OBJ-OBJ), emphasizing direct reproduction of nature and life, lacking evident subjective emotions.
Representative Works: Murals of the Giza Pyramid Complex, Golden Mask of Tutankhamun, Statues of Abu Simbel Temples.
Characteristics:
Religious and Eternal: Art serves religious beliefs and pharaoh worship, pursuing eternity and immortality.
Strict Conventions: Use of fixed proportions and poses, such as the "law of frontality."
Strong Symbolism: Colors and images hold symbolic meanings, like red for power and blue for the Nile River.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Incorporates Information (I) and Knowledge (K), conveying religious doctrines and social order; art has educational and guiding functions.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-OBJ), objective expression of religion and authority, with minimal personal emotion from artists.
Representative Works:
Ancient Greece: Phidias's "Athena Parthenos," Polykleitos's "Doryphoros," "Laocoön and His Sons."
Ancient Rome: Statue of Augustus of Prima Porta, the Colosseum, Pompeii frescoes.
Characteristics:
Humanism: Emphasizes human beauty and value, pursuing ideal proportions and perfect forms.
Anatomical Accuracy: In-depth study of human anatomy, with sculptures showcasing exquisite craftsmanship.
Fusion of Reality and Idealism: Combines observation of reality with the pursuit of ideal beauty.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Elevated to the Knowledge (K) level; artists possess profound understanding of aesthetics, anatomy, and mathematics; works reflect high rationality and aesthetic standards.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-OBJ), objective reproduction of idealized reality, with little personal emotion or subjectivity displayed.
Representative Works: Mosaics in Hagia Sophia, frescoes in the Church of San Vitale.
Characteristics:
Religious Themes: Depictions of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, saints, and other religious figures.
Flatness and Abstraction: Figures lack volume and spatial depth; backgrounds often feature gold to symbolize divinity.
Symbolism: Emphasizes the glory of divinity, neglecting realistic details.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Mainly at the Information (I) and Knowledge (K) levels; artists convey religious teachings and theological concepts.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-OBJ), but beginning to incorporate subjective religious symbolism, transitioning toward (OBJ-SUB).
Representative Works:
Romanesque: St. Michael's Church, Cluny Abbey.
Gothic: Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, Reims Cathedral, Chartres Cathedral.
Characteristics:
Architectural Innovation: Use of pointed arches, flying buttresses, and towering spires to create lofty and bright spaces.
Stained Glass: Extensive use of stained glass windows depicting biblical stories, creating a mystical atmosphere.
Sculptural Decoration: Facades adorned with sculptures; figures become more lifelike.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Combines Knowledge (K) and Wisdom (W); artists achieve new breakthroughs in technology and aesthetics.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-OBJ), but the sense of space and use of light reflect subjective feelings, showing artists' creativity.
Representative Artists: Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Brunelleschi.
Characteristics:
Rise of Humanism: Focus on human value and dignity, breaking free from medieval religious constraints.
Use of Perspective: Introduction of linear and atmospheric perspective, creating spatial depth.
Realism: More realistic and vivid figures, with richer emotional expressions.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Transitioning from Knowledge (K) to Wisdom (W); artists have in-depth studies in science, mathematics, and anatomy.
Expression Mode: Transitioning from (OBJ-OBJ) to (OBJ-SUB), incorporating artists' subjective understanding and humanistic ideas.
Representative Artists:
Works: "The School of Athens," "Sistine Madonna."
Works: "David," Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes.
Works: "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper."
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Raphael Sanzio
Characteristics:
Well-Rounded Development: Artists are painters, sculptors, architects, and scientists.
Perfectionism: Pursuit of perfect human proportions and postures, with delicate emotional expressions.
Depth of Thought: Works integrate philosophy, religion, and humanistic ideas.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Attains the Wisdom (W) level; artists possess high creativity and insight; works contain profound thoughts and emotions.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-SUB), embedding deep subjective thoughts and emotions within objective depictions.
Representative Artists: Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto.
Characteristics:
Mastery of Color: Emphasizes rich colors and variations in light and shadow, creating soft and enchanting atmospheres.
Emotional Expression: Works possess poetic and romantic qualities, emphasizing characters' inner worlds.
Innovative Composition: Breaks traditional symmetry and stability, adopting dynamic compositions.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Integrates Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P); artists pursue visual effects and emotional resonance.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-SUB), emphasizing subjective feelings and emotional expression.
Representative Artists:
Work: "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa."
Work: "The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus."
Work: "The Calling of Saint Matthew."
Caravaggio
Peter Paul Rubens
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Characteristics:
Dramatic Effects: Strong contrasts of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), dynamic compositions, emphasizing movement and change.
Intense Emotional Expression: Exaggerated expressions, rich emotions, creating a powerful impact on viewers.
Grandeur and Opulence: Lavish architecture and decorations, reflecting the majesty of power and religion.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Integrates Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P); artists utilize technical skills and emotional expression to serve religious and monarchical propaganda.
Expression Mode: Transitioning from (OBJ-SUB) to (SUB-OBJ), with artists' strong subjective emotions presented through objective forms.
Representative Artists:
Work: "The Swing."
Work: "Diana Bathing."
Work: "Pilgrimage to Cythera."
Jean-Antoine Watteau
François Boucher
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Characteristics:
Lightness and Elegance: Soft colors, flowing lines, emphasizing decorativeness and beauty.
Secular Themes: Often depict aristocratic entertainment, love, and mythological stories, full of romance and fantasy.
Exquisite Details: Detailed depiction of costumes, settings, and ornaments, showcasing luxurious lifestyles.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Primarily at the Information (I) and Wisdom (W) levels; artists satisfy the aesthetic needs of the aristocracy; works serve as entertainment and decoration.
Expression Mode: (SUB-OBJ), objective presentation of artists' subjective emotions and aesthetic tastes.
Representative Artists:
Work: "La Source."
Work: "Oath of the Horatii."
Jacques-Louis David
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Characteristics:
Rationality and Order: Emphasizes rational thinking, adhering to classical art norms and aesthetic principles.
Rigorous Composition: Symmetry, balance, clear lines, accurate forms.
Moral and Ethical Themes: Works often reflect heroism, patriotism, and noble moral values.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Knowledge (K) and Wisdom (W) levels; artists focus on rationality and aesthetic norms; works have educational significance.
Expression Mode: (SUB-OBJ), expressing rational thoughts and moral concepts through objective forms.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Wanderer above the Sea of Fog."
Work: "The Slave Ship."
Work: "Liberty Leading the People."
Eugène Delacroix
J.M.W. Turner
Caspar David Friedrich
Characteristics:
Emotion and Imagination: Emphasizes personal emotions, imagination, and inner experiences, opposing the rational constraints of neoclassicism.
Nature and Mystery: Reverence for the power of nature, exploration of the mysterious and supernatural.
Nationalism and Revolutionary Spirit: Works often reflect social upheaval and revolutionary passion.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Integrates Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P); artists pursue self-expression and spiritual freedom; works have strong emotional appeal.
Expression Mode: Transitioning from (SUB-OBJ) to (SUB-SUB), deep subjective expression, externalizing the inner world.
Representative Artists:
Work: "The Third-Class Carriage."
Work: "The Gleaners."
Work: "A Burial at Ornans."
Gustave Courbet
Jean-François Millet
Honoré Daumier
Characteristics:
Focus on Real Life: Depicts the labor and lives of ordinary people, reflecting social realities and issues.
Opposition to Idealization: Rejects the exaggeration of romanticism and idealization of neoclassicism, pursuing authenticity.
Social Critique: Works have a critical nature, exposing social injustices and contradictions.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Primarily at the Information (I) and Knowledge (K) levels; artists focus on social reality, with enlightening and critical functions.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-SUB), incorporating artists' social concerns and subjective viewpoints.
Representative Artists:
Work: "La Loge."
Work: "The Dance Class."
Work: "Impression, Sunrise."
Claude Monet
Edgar Degas
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Characteristics:
Study of Light and Color: Focuses on the changes of light, color, and atmosphere, capturing fleeting visual impressions.
Outdoor Painting: Paints outdoors to emphasize direct observation of nature.
Free Brushwork: Uses short and quick brushstrokes, giving the paintings a light and fluid feel.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Integrates Information (I) and Wisdom (W); artists explore visual perception and color theory.
Expression Mode: (OBJ-SUB), emphasizing the influence of subjective feelings on objective objects; works have personal style.
Representative Artists:
Work: "The Card Players."
Work: "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?"
Work: "The Starry Night."
Vincent van Gogh
Paul Gauguin
Paul Cézanne
Characteristics:
Individual Styles: Each artist has a unique style and direction of exploration.
Innovation in Form and Color: Bold use of color, emphasis on shape, structure, and composition.
Spiritual and Philosophical Exploration: Works contain profound emotions and philosophical thoughts.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Integrates Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P); artists pursue personal expression and artistic innovation.
Expression Mode: Transitioning from (SUB-OBJ) to (SUB-SUB), deep subjective expression, externalizing the inner world.
Representative Artists:
Work: "The Love of Souls."
Work: "The Closed Eyes."
Work: "Oedipus and the Sphinx."
Gustave Moreau
Odilon Redon
Jean Delville
Characteristics:
Symbols and Metaphors: Uses symbols and metaphors to express inner spirit and emotions.
Mysticism and Fantasy: Works are filled with mystical elements, exploring the supernatural and subconscious.
Poetic and Subjective: Emphasizes subjective experience and inner feelings.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P) levels; artists explore the spiritual world and philosophical thoughts.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), entirely subjective inner expression; works are highly personal.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Composition VIII."
Work: "Berlin Street Scene."
Work: "The Scream."
Edvard Munch
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Wassily Kandinsky
Characteristics:
Intense Emotional Expression: Directly expresses inner feelings such as anxiety and loneliness through exaggerated imagery and colors.
Distortion of Form: Breaks traditional perspective and proportion; figures are distorted.
Social Critique: Reflects social contradictions and issues; often critical in nature.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P) levels; artists express emotions through art, reflecting social realities.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), a full expression of the subjective inner world.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Glass on a Table."
Work: "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."
Pablo Picasso
Georges Braque
Characteristics:
Multiple Perspectives: Deconstructs and reconstructs objects from multiple viewpoints.
Geometric Forms: Uses geometric shapes to represent objects, breaking traditional perspective.
Monochromatic Palette: Early Cubism features subdued colors, emphasizing form over color.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Knowledge (K) and Wisdom (W) levels; artists explore space, time, and form.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), a completely new expression of subjective cognition, challenging traditional notions.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Cut with the Kitchen Knife."
Work: "Fountain."
Marcel Duchamp
Hannah Höch
Characteristics:
Anti-Traditional: Questions the essence of art; opposes war and bourgeois culture.
Collage and Readymades: Uses non-traditional materials and found objects, challenging the boundaries of art.
Absurdity and Humor: Works are satirical and humorous, expressing dissatisfaction with society.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Mainly at the Purpose (P) level; artists express ideas and positions by subverting tradition.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), entirely subjective conceptual expression; the work becomes a carrier of ideas.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Harlequin's Carnival."
Work: "The Treachery of Images."
Work: "The Persistence of Memory."
Salvador Dalí
René Magritte
Joan Miró
Characteristics:
Exploration of the Subconscious: Influenced by Freudian psychology, delving into dreams and the subconscious.
Illogical Compositions: Works feature bizarre combinations and surreal scenes, defying logical reality.
Automatic Techniques: Employs methods that allow thoughts to flow freely without rational control.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P) levels; artists attempt to reveal deep inner truths.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), surreal expressions of the subjective inner world, transcending reality's constraints.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Orange, Red, Yellow."
Work: "Number 1A, 1948."
Jackson Pollock
Mark Rothko
Characteristics:
Action Painting: Emphasizes the spontaneity and improvisation of the creative process; the canvas becomes an arena for the artist's actions.
Color Field Painting: Uses large areas of color to create emotional atmospheres.
Direct Emotional Expression: Lacks specific imagery, conveying inner feelings directly.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Wisdom (W) and Purpose (P) levels; artists express emotions and mental states through non-representational means.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), pure subjective expression; viewers respond intuitively.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Whaam!"
Works: "Marilyn Monroe," "Campbell's Soup Cans."
Andy Warhol
Roy Lichtenstein
Characteristics:
Mass Culture Elements: Incorporates popular culture elements like advertisements, comics, and celebrity portraits.
Critique and Reflection: Reflects consumerism and the influence of mass media on society.
Mechanical Reproduction: Uses techniques like silkscreen printing, emphasizing reproducibility.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Information (I) and Knowledge (K) levels; artists observe and reflect on social phenomena.
Expression Mode: (SUB-OBJ), objective presentation of the artist's subjective viewpoints; works are often satirical and critical.
Representative Artists:
Work: "A Rock in Place."
Work: "One and Three Chairs."
Joseph Kosuth
Lawrence Weiner
Characteristics:
Idea over Form: Emphasizes the concept or idea behind the work more than the physical form.
Use of Language and Text: Employs words and language as artistic mediums.
Challenging Art Definitions: Questions the essence and traditional notions of art.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Primarily at the Purpose (P) level; artists provoke thought and question conventions through their works.
Expression Mode: (SUB-SUB), with subjective concepts at the core; the work becomes a vehicle for ideas.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Borderless."
Work: "Public Speech."
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer
teamLab
Characteristics:
Integration of Technology: Utilizes computers, the internet, virtual reality, and other technologies.
Interactivity: Viewers participate in the creation and evolution of the artwork, blurring the line between artist and audience.
Multisensory Experience: Combines visual, auditory, and tactile elements to create immersive environments.
Analysis:
DIKWP: Fully integrates Data (D), Information (I), Knowledge (K), Wisdom (W), and Purpose (P); artists require interdisciplinary knowledge and skills.
Expression Mode: Both (SUB-OBJ) and (SUB-SUB) coexist; combining subjective experience with objective technology; works are innovative and forward-looking.
Representative Artists:
Work: "Cloud Gate."
Works: "Rhythm 0," "The Artist Is Present."
Marina Abramović
Anish Kapoor
Characteristics:
Extension of Time and Space: Works include not just objects but also time, space, and actions.
Audience Participation: Viewers become part of the artwork; high interactivity.
Challenging Traditional Forms: Breaks the limitations of painting and sculpture, exploring new media and methods.
Analysis:
DIKWP: At the Purpose (P) level; artists aim to evoke emotions and thoughts in the audience, exploring themes like human nature, relationships, and existence.
Expression Mode: (SUB-OBJ), subjective intentions presented through objective forms; works have profound meanings.
Through the comprehensive review and classification above, we observe that art development is a progression from objective reproduction of reality (OBJ-OBJ) to expression of the subjective inner world (SUB-SUB). During this progression, different art movements played pivotal roles, and their characteristics and innovations can be explained within the DIKWP framework and SUB-OBJ expression modes.
Ancient Art: Mainly objective reproduction, serving religious, political, and social purposes; minimal display of artists' personal emotions.
Medieval to Renaissance: Beginning to incorporate humanistic ideas; artists increasingly emphasize personal observation and understanding.
Baroque to Romanticism: Emotion and personal experience become significant content; increased subjectivity.
Modernism and Avant-Garde: Breaking traditions; in-depth exploration of the inner world and subconscious; more diverse and abstract forms.
Contemporary Art: Diversified development; integration of technology; enhanced conceptuality; blurred boundaries between subjective and objective.
Data (D): Objective elements in artworks, such as shapes, colors, materials, and technical means.
Information (I): Artists' processing of data, endowing works with specific meanings and emotions.
Knowledge (K): Artists' understanding and application of aesthetics, techniques, philosophy, and society.
Wisdom (W): Artists' profound insights and unique perspectives on the world; works have enlightening depth.
Purpose (P): Artists' creative motivations and goals, such as expressing emotions, critiquing society, exploring philosophy, and innovating art forms.
By integrating the DIKWP philosophy and SUB-OBJ expression modes, we can more comprehensively understand the trajectory of art development and the relationships among various movements. This method not only facilitates in-depth study of art history but also provides new perspectives for contemplating future artistic innovations.
In an era of rapid digital and technological advancements, art will continue to evolve. Technology offers new tools and mediums for art, but human creativity, emotion, and thought remain at its core. We anticipate new art forms and ideas to emerge, enriching humanity's spiritual world and promoting societal progress and development.
ReferencesMiguel de Unamuno y Jugo. The Tragic Sense of Life.
Hao Wang. Beyond Analytic Philosophy.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy.
Simone de Beauvoir. The Second Sex.
Immanuel Kant. Critique of Pure Reason.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Phenomenology of Spirit.
Wassily Kandinsky. Concerning the Spiritual in Art.
Yucong Duan. DIKWP Research Papers.
Various artists and their related works.
| Period/Movement | Representative Artists | Expression Mode | Characteristic Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prehistoric Art | Lascaux Cave Painters | (OBJ-OBJ) | Direct depiction of nature and hunting; practical and religious functions. |
| Ancient Egyptian Art | Not specified | (OBJ-OBJ) | Religious themes; strong symbolism; serves ruling class; strict conventions. |
| Ancient Greek & Roman Art | Phidias, Polykleitos | (OBJ-OBJ) | Pursuit of ideal beauty; emphasis on proportion and anatomy; humanism. |
| Medieval Art | Not specified | (OBJ-OBJ) → (OBJ-SUB) | Religious themes; flat images; symbolism; begins incorporating subjective feel. |
| Renaissance | da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael | (OBJ-SUB) | Perfect proportions; profound human expression; humanism; tech-art integration. |
| Baroque Art | Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini | (OBJ-SUB) → (SUB-OBJ) | Dynamic compositions; strong chiaroscuro; intense emotion; grandeur and luxury. |
| Rococo Art | Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard | (SUB-OBJ) | Ornate, delicate, light-hearted; secular themes; decorative; hedonistic. |
| Neoclassicism | David, Ingres | (SUB-OBJ) | Rationality and order; rigorous composition; moral themes; classical revival. |
| Romanticism | Delacroix, Turner, Friedrich | (SUB-OBJ) → (SUB-SUB) | Emotion, nature, individualism; passion and imagination; nationalism. |
| Realism | Courbet, Millet, Daumier | (OBJ-SUB) | Focus on ordinary life; social realities and issues; critical of society. |
| Impressionism | Monet, Renoir, Degas | (OBJ-SUB) | Capturing fleeting light and color; subjective visual perception; free brushwork. |
| Post-Impressionism | van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne | (SUB-OBJ) → (SUB-SUB) | Personal emotion; form and color innovation; spiritual and philosophical exploration. |
| Expressionism | Munch, Kirchner, Kandinsky | (SUB-SUB) | Distorted forms; strong colors; direct inner emotion expression; social critique. |
| Cubism | Picasso, Braque | (SUB-SUB) | Deconstruction and reconstruction; multiple perspectives; geometric; challenges tradition. |
| Dadaism | Duchamp, Höch | (SUB-SUB) | Anti-tradition; collage and readymades; absurdity and humor; questions art definitions. |
| Surrealism | Dalí, Magritte, Miró | (SUB-SUB) | Subconscious and dreams; illogical; automatic writing; transcends reality. |
| Abstract Expressionism | Pollock, Rothko | (SUB-SUB) | Improvised creation; direct emotional expression; action and color field painting. |
| Pop Art | Andy Warhol, Lichtenstein | (SUB-OBJ) | Mass culture elements; consumerism critique; mechanical reproduction. |
| Conceptual Art | Kosuth, Weiner | (SUB-SUB) | Idea over form; language and text; challenges art boundaries. |
| Digital & New Media Art | Lozano-Hemmer, teamLab | (SUB-OBJ) & (SUB-SUB) | Technological integration; interactivity; multisensory; subjective-objective blend. |
| Performance & Installation Art | Abramović, Kapoor | (SUB-OBJ) | Audience interaction; spatial-temporal extension; challenges traditional forms. |
By providing this detailed review and classification, we can more clearly understand the progression of art development and the characteristics of each movement. This classification method aids in deepening our study of art history, revealing how artists in different periods evolved in their creative concepts and expression methods, and how they reflected societal, cultural, and philosophical changes through their artworks.
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