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5.1 介词
(1)介词、介词宾语及介词短语的定义
介词是置于名词或其词组以及其它名词性句子成份前的一种虚词,又称前置词。介词之所以称作虚词,是因其在句中不可单独作任何句法功用,只表示其后接名词性句子成份与其它句子成份的关系。
介词后接的名词或其词组以及名词性非谓语动词或其短语等名词性句子成份叫作介词(的)宾语。
介词与介词宾语构成的短语叫作介词短语。
(2)介词的分类
1)根据构词形式分类
1-1)简单介词,即单词介词,如:
at以,向,达,朝,在;
along沿着,顺着;
about关于,大约;
after在…之后;
among在…之中;
above超过,在…之上;
against 逆,反对,违反,倚靠,反衬于,以防;
between在…之间;
by 通过,沿着,被,经由,依据,在…旁,靠近,傍;
beyond(位置)在…的那边,在…以外,(时间)过了…,比…晚,(范围)超过,超出…之外,除了…;
in 用(工具、材料、体裁、方式、衣着,等);按照;在(场所、位置、范围、领域、方面、方向、时间、…)内;因,为了,由于(理由、动机、目的)【in还用于构成各种固定意义的介词短语,如:in fact事实上,in particular尤其是,in that…在于…,in vain无效,没用,等。】;
of 关于,属于,…的;
since 自…以来,自从;
through通过,穿过,凭借;
with以,用,随着,支持,与…一起;等。
1-2)复合介词,即由两个简单介词叠加的合成介词,如:
alongside 在…旁;
inside 在…内;
into 进入…,深入…;
nearby 在…附近;
onto 到(向)…上;
outside 在…之外;
throughout 遍及;
without 没有,缺乏;等。
1-3)双重介词,即含两个简单介词的词组充当一个介词,如:
from under从…下面;
from behind从…后面;
from beyond从…那边;
until after直到…之后;
from among从…中间;
except for除了;等。
1-4)短语介词,即含简单介词的短语充当一个介词,仍像简单介词一样不具有独立的句法功用,不同于介词短语(即介词加介词宾语所构成的短语,具有独立的句法功用),如:
at the back of 在…后面;
at the top of 在…顶上
according to依照,根据;
because of因为;
by way of 经由;
from out of从…出来;
in spite of尽管;
on behalf of代表;
regardless of不管;
as a/the result of作为一个(唯一的)…结果;
at the cost of 以…为代价;
by means of 通过,借助于;
apart from除…之外;
due to 由于;
in front of 在…的前方(在介词宾语范围之外的前方);
in the front of 在…的前部/正面(在介宾本身范围内);
instead of 取代,代之以,而不是;
in case of 以防,为防,就…情况而言;
in place of 代替;
in addition to 除…之外;
thanks to 幸亏,由于;
owing to 因为,由于;
in reference to 涉及,关于(当提到…时,当涉及到…时);
with reference to 涉及,关于(之前所提);等。
1-5)分词式介词,即以分词充当介词,如:
given如果,假定;
regarding,respecting,concerning关于;
including包括;
considering考虑到;
excluding不包括,不计;等。
2)根据词义分类
2-1)地点介词(包括位置与动向),如:
about对于,关于,在…周围,环绕,约在…;
above在…之上; across横跨; after在…之后;
along沿着; among在…中; around在…周围;
at在,以,达; before在…之前; behind在…之后;
below在…下方; beneath在…正下方,低于;
beside在…旁边; between在…之间;
by通过,在…附近;down沿着,向下;
from来自,从; in在…里;
into到…里,深入…中;
near接近于; off离开,脱落; on在… 上面;
over超过,在…之上; through通过,穿过;
throughout贯穿,遍及; to向,到,朝;
towards朝,向; under 在…下面;
up向…(上方),上…; upon接近,在…之上;
with随着,和…一起; within在…之内;
without在…之外;等。
【注:有不少表地点的介词可表动向,如:across穿过,横跨; around向…周围四处; over越过; towards向着; near接近于; behind晚于,落后于; beneath低于; on (登、浮)上; to向着,朝着;等。】
2-2)时间介词(后接介词宾语均为表时间的名词或数词及其词组),如:
about / around大约在…(时间点或时间段); after在…(时间点或时间段)之后; at在…(时间点),当;before在…(时间点)之前; behind在…(时间点)之后; between在…(时间点或时间段)之间; by在…(时间点)之前; during在…(时间段)期间; for持续了…(时间段);from从…(时间点); in在…(时间段); into进入…(时间段); on在…(时间点); over超过…(时间点);past过…(时间点); since自从…(时间点)以来; through / throughout横跨…(时间段); till/until直到…(时间点); to到…(时间点); towards接近…(时间点); within在…(时间段)之内;等。
2-3)方式、原因、条件、比较等意义的介词
表排除,如:besides,but,except,等。
表比较,如:as如同, like像, above, over超过,等。
表反对,如:against,等。
表原因、目的、结果,如:for为了;from由于;into成为…(状况);to以至于(变化或变迁的结果);等。
表手段、方式,如:by通过,被,依据;in(后接介宾包括非常广泛,除了表时间、地点、范围的“在…中”之意外,还以词义为“以”或无词义表达人体及品性、精神状态、物质、颜色、自然环境、原因、方式等名词性成份);through通过,凭借;upon根据;with用;等。
表所属、性质,如:of;等。
表让步,如:despite;in spite of;notwithstanding;等。
表关于,如:on;about;concerning;regarding;with regard to;等。
表对于,如:to;for;at;等。
表根据,如:on the basis of;according to;in the light of; in line with;等。
表其它,如:beneath不值得;for赞成,without没有;等。
(3)介词宾语的类型
1)名词或其词组作介词宾语,如:
a) Can you make yourself understood in American? 你说美语能让人听得懂吗?(专有名词American作介词in的宾语)
b) My house stands on the left bank of the Yangtze River. 我家在扬子江左岸。(专有名词词组the Yangtze River作介词of的宾语,介词短语of the Yangtze River作名词词组the left bank的后置定语,名词短语the left bank of the Yangtze River作介词on的宾语)
c) I know it from old. 我早就知道了。(此处old用作名词并作介词from的宾语;old意思是:古时侯,“ from old,自古”是夸张说法)
d) I can't stay here for long. 我不能在此久留。(此句中,long用作不可数名词并作介词for的宾语,long意思是:长时间、长期)
2)名词性代词宾格作介词宾语,如:
e) Don't be angry with him. 别生他的气。(人称代词宾格him作介词with的宾语)
f) The work will fall on you and me. 这项工作将会由你我来承担(这项工作将会落在你我肩上)。(人称代词宾格词组you and me作介词on的宾语)
g) He is an old friend of mine. 他是我的一位老朋友。(名词性物主代词mine作介词of的宾语)
h) Good people always think more of others than of themselves. 好人总是想到别人比想到他们自己多一些。(不定代词others与反身代词themselves分别作两个介词of的宾语)
3)动名词或其短语作介词宾语,如:
i) I have an idea for solving this problem. 我有了一个解决这个问题的主意。(动名词短语solving this problem作介词for的宾语)
4)名词性动词不定式或其短语作介词宾语,如:
j) I could do nothing but/except to sit there and hope. 我除了坐以期待,毫无办法。(名词性动词不定式短语to sit there and hope作介词but或except的宾语)
k) What does he like besides to read novels? (= What does he like to do besides read novels? 除了看小说,他还喜欢干什么?(名词性动词不定式短语to read novels作介词besides的宾语)
l) It's not difficult for us to finish the work within an hour. 我们在一小时内完成这项工作没有困难。
【注:常见带逻辑主语(名词或代词宾格)的动词不定式短语作介词for的宾语,即常见名词性动词不定式复合结构“for somebody to do something”可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语及状语等。此例即为此类动词不定式复合结构用作真实主语的情况。还有另一种常见的类似结构是“adj. + to/of sb. + to do sth.”,如:It’s kind of you to say so. 您的美言真是太仁义了。He shouted to me to come. 他大声呼喊叫我过来。】
5)数词因有名词功用而可作介词宾语,如:
m) Seven minus four is equal to three. 7减4等于3。
6)疑问词引导的从句或疑问词加动词不定式结构可作介词宾语,如:
n) I'm very interested in what you said. 我对你所说的很感兴趣。
o) He's thinking of how to win the victory. 他正在考虑如何获胜。
(4)介词短语的句法功用
介词加介词宾语构成介词短语。介词短语在句中通常可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等。如:
1)作表语
a) She looks like an actress. 她看上去像个演员。
b) We are of the same age. 我们同岁。
2)作定语
a) The social progress is just a question of time. 社会进步只是个时间问题。
b) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 有需之时的朋友才是真朋友。(真情在于所需时。)
3)作状语
a) Thanks to your advice, we completed the project on time. 多亏您的建议,我们按时完成了项目。
b) Notwithstanding the bad weather, the ship arrived on schedule. 尽管天气不好,航船还是按时到达了。
4)作补语
a) Make yourself at home. 不要拘束。(宾语补足语)
b) He was often seen at his desk even at midnight. 人们常看到他深夜还在办公。(主语补足语)
5)作插入语
a) It's no trouble at all, on the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. 这一点儿也不麻烦。正相反,很荣幸能够帮到你。
b) To their surprise, we succeeded. 让他们吃惊的是,我们成功了。
6)作主语
在现代英语中,出现了介词短语作主语的用法,如:
a) From words to deeds is a great space. 从论道至践行相去甚远。
b) From the sublime to the ridiculous is just a step. 从高尚到荒谬只差一步。
(5)介词与其它词类的搭配
由于英语名词的格的形态变化逐渐减少,故介词与名词及其它词类的搭配关系也越来越重要。这种搭配,有许多已成习惯用语。
1)与名词的搭配
1-1)介词加名词搭配,如:
at home 在家(He is now at home. 此时他正在家),
(定时)会客(I am not at home today. 我今天不会客),
安适,自在(make guests feel at home使得宾至如归),
到家(He is at home in English. 他的英语学到家了。);
at the door(在)门口;
at home and abroad 在国内外;
during/in (the) summer在夏季;
during the summer holiday在暑假期间;
till next Monday 直至下周一;
over the weekend 整个周末;
with care 小心地,留神地;
(Fragile objects should be handled with care.
手拿易碎物体应该加以小心。);
for good (and all) 永久,永远;等。
1-2)名词加介词搭配,如:
acquaintance with 与…相识,与…熟悉;
attention to注意;
contribution(s) to 捐款,投稿,贡献;
desire for (fame, wealth, power, etc.) 对(名望、财富、权力等)的渴望;
devotion to 献身于;
independence of 独立于(An objective law is of independence of
human will. 客观规律是不以人的意志为转移的。);
equality with 与…平等(He is an equality with you.他与你是平等的。);
interest in对…感兴趣(I feel no (much) interest in the subject. 我对这个科目(课题)不(太)感兴趣。);
objection to 反对(have an objection to smoking反对抽烟),异议(take objection to the witness对证人提出异议),不喜欢(feel an objection to doing so不愿这样做),对于…的缺点或不足(The chief objection to this book is its great length. 这本书的主要缺点就是篇幅太长了。);
offence against 冒犯(commit an offence against the law违犯法律);
outlook from/on/for 眺望(an outlook from the window凭窗眺望),景色(The tower has a pleasant outlook on/over the sea. 在这座塔上可以看到大海的美景。),展望,远景(There is a good outlook for science. 科学前景看好。),看法(one's outlook on life人生观);
sympathy for/with 【注:对处于困境与苦恼的人表同情时用for,表慰问用with,表达与某观点、提议等有同感时用with】(I feel sympathy in my bones for anyone who suffers from unjust treatment.我对遭受不公正待遇的人深感同情。I am writing to express my sympathy with you and your family in your recent bereavement. 我向你和你的全家致函,对你们最近的丧亲之痛表示抚慰同情。Quite a number of people are in sympathy with you on that viewpoint. 相当多的人在此观点上与你有同感(有相当多的人赞同你的观点)。);等。
2)与动词的搭配,如:
account for 解释,说明(No one can account for this rare phenomenon. 没人能解释这种罕见的现象。);
aim at 瞄准,针对,目标在于(aim at a target 瞄准靶子,aim at doing sth. 计划做某事);
aim for原本针对(I was aiming for the dog, but the stone fell short and went on you. 我本想打那只狗,但石头落在了近处,没击中目标,而是打到了你。)【比较:介词短语with the aim of的意思是“为了”,如:He invested his money with the aim of providing himself with an income when he retired. 他投资是为了给自己提供一笔退休收入。】
amount to 合计,等于(The total expenses amount to a hundred dollars. 总开支合计一百美元。The answer amounts to a refusal. 这种回答等于拒绝。);
begin by从…开始(The speaker began by relating an anecdote to his audience. 演讲者是从给听众叙述一段轶事开始演讲的。);
begin with起初,首先(The school was quite a small one to begin with. 这个学校起初规模很小。There were several reasons why I did not buy any houses. To begin with, all the prices were too high. 我不买房有几个理由,首先是房价太高。);
cooperate with/in 与某人合作/在某事上合作(I want to cooperate with you in the subject. 我想就这个课题与您合作。The several researchers are cooperating in the attempt to find a cure for the disease. 这几位研究人员正在合作,试图找到治这种疾病的疗法。);
depart at / from 出发,开出(The train departed at 6:30 a.m.那趟火车是在上午六点半开出的。),违反(depart from custom违反习俗),离去(depart from this life去世);
die in/by/for/from/of/with死于(died in 1927 死于1927年,died by drowning死于溺水,died for a cause/one's country为事业献身(为国捐躯),died from wounds因伤身亡,died of a disease/ sadness/ disappointing in a love affair因病(悲哀、失恋)死亡,died with hunger饿死了;
indulge in 沉溺于,沉迷(indulge in ice-cream嗜好吃冰激凌);
lead to 导致,通往(What led to such a strange happening? 是什么导致了这种怪事的发生?All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。);
meddle with 干涉,乱动(She is always meddling with sth. 她总是瞎闹。Don't meddle with my books. 别乱动我的书。);
refer to 归因,指点,交付,提交,提及,谈到,论及,是指,参考,参照,查阅(He refers all the evils and wickedness to the extreme selfness. 他将一切邪恶都归因于极端自私。He referred his success to the good teaching he'd had. 他把成功归因于他所受到的良好教育。I was referred to the Enquiry Office. 有人指点我去问讯处。refer a bill to the committee 把议案提交给委员会,Don't refer to the matter again. 别再提此事了。The book refers to electricity. 此书论及有关电力问题。Coal is usually referred to as a fossil fuel. 煤通常是指化石燃料。The figure refers to the serial number of the chapters in this book. 这个数字是指此书中的章节序列号。I often refers to the dictionary. 我常查阅字典。);等。
3)与形容词搭配,如:
absent from/in不在,缺席(He is absent from Beijing.他不在北京。He is absent in Tianjin. 他不在(这儿),去天津了。【比较:(1)absent作动词时与介词的搭配:He absented himself from the meeting. 他缺席此次会议。(2)名词absence与介词的搭配:a teacher's absence from classes教师的缺课】);
afraid of 害怕(We are not afraid of ghost (s). 我们不怕鬼。The little boy was much afraid of the dog. 那小男孩儿很怕狗。),唯恐(He is afraid of dying. 他唯恐死掉。(他怕死。)【比较:He is afraid to die / jump. 他不敢死(跳)。】);
averse to/from 不喜欢(He is averse to / from fish. 他不喜欢吃鱼。He is averse to coming here. 他不喜欢到这里来。);
clever at 擅长(be clever at painting擅长绘画);
faithful to 忠实于(be faithful to the cause忠诚于事业);
famous for 以 …著称,以…出名(The place is famous for its hot spring. 这地方以温泉著称(出名)。);
full of充满(Your future is full of hope. 你前程大有希望。);
guilty of 犯罪(be guilty of 犯了…罪,有…缺点/过失);
guilty to服罪(be guilty to a charge 对指控服罪);
guilty about 对…感到内疚(He is still feel guilty about that error in the accounts; he ought to have noticed it and pointed it out.他现在仍对那笔错误的账目感到内疚。他本应注意到并指出那个错误。);
keen of 敏锐(keen of hearing听觉敏锐);
keen on 热衷于(He is keen on photography. 他热衷于摄影。);
keen about 赞同(He didn't seem very keen about my suggestion to him. 他似乎不太赞同我给他的提示(建议)。);
similar to 类似于(Gold is similar in color to brass. 从颜色上看,金子与黄铜相似。);等。
4)介词与其它词类搭配的比较辨别
4-1)词根或词源相同的名词、动词和形容词通常共用一个介词。如:
但也有例外,如:
4-2)—个名词、动词或形容词往往可以和一个以上的介词搭配,其意义不同,如:
look after(照看),look for(寻找),look at(看,对待),look in 顺便拜访,look to(注意),look through(看穿,浏览);
compare with比较,如:Let's compare your composition with hers to see whose is better. 让我们把你的作品与她的比较一下,看看谁的更好。)
compare to比作,如:Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把人世间比作舞台。);等。
但有时意义区别不大,如:
friendly with友好(或to 对…表示友好),popular with受…欢迎(或 among受…(中的一部分人)欢迎);originate in(或from)起源于;等。
综上,介词与其它词的搭配很重要,凡是需要用到介词搭配却不敢肯定时一定要查字典,要有可靠的依据。
(6)介词的后置
介词一般须置于名词前,但遇下列情况时,则常后置 (常在全句或分句或从句之末),如:
1)介词宾语为疑问代词时,如:
a) What are you looking at? 你在看什么?
b) Where are you from? 你是哪里人?
c) What for? 为什么?
2)在间接疑问句和感叹句中,如:
a) I don't know what you are thinking about/of. 我不知道你在想什么。(间接疑问句)
b) What a mess I am in! 我的处境多乱啊!(感叹句)
3)介词宾语为关系代词或连接代词时,如:
a) Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to? 你还记得老师要我们查阅的那本书吗?
b) That's what he is talking about. 那就是他正在谈论的。
4)在一些其它情况时,如:
a) “There's nothing to be afraid of,” Mother said. 妈妈说:“没什么可担心的。”
b) It is a fact that here I could not find one garbage to throw trash in. 我在这儿真的是连个扔垃圾的桶都找不到。
c) I will try to get it over with as quickly as possible. 我一定尽快把它结束掉。(to get it over with为固定搭配)
(7)正式文体中,介词通常置于疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词之前,如:
a) With whom did you go? 你是和谁一起去的?
b) This is the book from which I got the story. 这就是我得知这个故事的那本书。
c) I don't know about what you care. 我不知道你们在乎/关心什么。
d) From what I hear, he is a good swimmer. 据我听说,他是个游泳好手。(from what I hear为固定词组)
(8)关于介词beyond的用法
1)(位置)在…的那边,在…以外,如:
a) Is your house beyond the river or on this side of it? 你家在河那边还是在河这边?
b) Our school is apart from about one mile beyond my house. 我们学校距离我家约在一英里开外。
c) He came from beyond sea. 他从海外回来了。
2)(时间)过了…,比…晚,如:
d) He went back home beyond nine o'clock. 他过了9点才回家。
3)(范围)超过,超出…之外,除了…;
e) The book is beyond me. 这书我可看不懂。
f) Beyond this I know nothing. 除此之外,我什么都不知道。
g) He is far beyond you in English. 他的英语比你的强多了。
(9)介词的省略
现代英语在某些情况下有省略介词的趋势。
1)省去as,如:
a) I consider him (as) an expert. 我认为他是专家。
2)省去at,如:
a) What time did you arrive (at) home? 你何时到家的?
b) It is hard work keeping the grass green (at) this time of the year. 一年中的这个时节要保持绿草青青是很难办到的。
3)省去by,如:
a) I sent the letter (by) airmail. 我以航空邮件发送了这封信。
b) I want to go (by) economy. 我想要节约。
4)省去from,如:
a) Illness prevented him (from) going. 疾病使他未能成行。
b) Can't you stop the child (from) getting into mischief? 你难道就不能让这孩子不淘气吗?
5)省去in,如:
a) I started on writing a diary (in) the same year I entered the Latin School. 我是自从进入拉丁语学校那年开始写日记的。
b) They have recruited few new barbers (in) the past three years. 过去三年中,他们没招几个新理发师。
6)省去of,如:
a) The Pacific Ocean is so big that it could hold twenty countries the size of the United States. 太平洋很大,它有20个美国那么大。(the size 前省去of)
b) What colour is it? 它是什么颜色?(what前省去of)
c) He plunged out the doors. 他冲出了门。(美语out=out of)
7)省去on,如:
a) He meant to go (on) hunting. 他的意思是想去打猎。(go作系动词,hunting是表语,on可省)
8)省去to,如:
a) The reception accorded (to) the book has been very gratifying. 这本书受到欢迎令人非常喜悦。
9)在列举一系列名词时,介词可省,以免重复。如:
a) When you're lying without moving, you suddenly get an itch on the shoulder, the head and the back. 当你躺着不动时,会突然感到肩上、头上、背上一阵搔痒。
但在相同介词具有不同含义或强调介词时,须重复,如:
b) He was guilty of vanity, of meanness. 他有虚荣心,干过卑鄙事。(meanness作“卑鄙”释义时是不可数名词)
而且在连词and前后的介词不同时,不可省,如:
c) He agreed to be an adviser to and a member of the board of the college. 他同意兼任这所学院委员会的顾问和会员。
10)在某些固定习语中,介词宾语也可省,如:
a) Have you put the kettle on? 你把水壶放在炉子上了吗?(介词on后省去the fire)
b) When do you go off? 你何时休息?(介词off后省去duty)
5.2 连词
(1)连词的定义
连词是连接单词、短语、从句或句子的一种虚词,不可单独用作句子成份。
(2)连词的分类
2-1)按照句法功用,连词主要分两类,即并列连词与从属连词。
2-1-1)并列连词
2-1-1-1)表并列关系的:
and 和;
neither…nor…既不…,也不…;
not only…but also…不但…,而且…;
both…and……和…都;等。
2-1-1-2)表转折关系的:
but但是,
yet但是,然而;
while然而;
however然而;等。
2-1-1-3)表因果关系的:
for因为;等。
2-1-1-4)表选择关系的:
or或者;
either…or…或者…或者…;等。
2-1-2)从属连词
2-1-2-1)连接时间状语从句的:when/while/as当…时,before在…之前,after在…之后,till/until直到…时,等;
2-1-2-2)连接地点状语从句的:where在…地方,wherever无论在…地方,等;
2-1-2-3)连接条件状语从句的:if如果,unless除非,in case万一,supposing假设,provided/providing只要,如果,as/so long as只要,等;
2-1-2-4)连接目的状语从句的:in order that为了,等;
2-1-2-5)连接结果状语从句的:so/such… that…如此…以致,so that所以,so因而(结果),等;
2-1-2-6)连接原因状语从句的:as,because,in that,since因为,等;
2-1-2-7)连接让步状语从句的:although/though/while虽然,even if / even though即使,as尽管,等;
2-1-2-8)连接方式状语从句的:as像,as if仿佛,as though好像,等;
2-1-2-9)连接比较状语从句的:than比,(as)…as像…一样,等;
2-1-2-10)连接名词性从句的: that(无词义),whether是否,if是否,because因为,as if好像(似乎),等;
2-2)按照词形结构,连词主要分四类:
2-2-1)简单连词,如:and,or,but,if,because,等;
2-2-2)关联连词,如:both... and...,not only... but also,等;
2-2-3)分词连词,如:supposing, considering, providing,等;
2-2-4)短语连词,如:as if,as long as,as well as,in order that,等。
(3)并列连词的句法结构
并列连词用于连接平行对等关系的词、词组或分句。
1)并列平行结构
1-1)并列连词and连接并列谓语动词(或非限定动词)及其短语的并列结构,如:
a) They sat down and talked about something. 他们坐下来谈论某事。(连接两个谓语动词短语,注意时态的一致)
b) They started to dance and sing. 他们开始又唱又跳。(连接两个动词不定式,第二个动词不定式的引词to可省)
c) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 我看见两个男子坐在后面,在那儿耳语。(连接两个用作宾补的现在分词短语)
d) Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. (= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.)只要下定决心,就会获得机遇。(祈使句与陈述句以and连用时,祈使句相当于条件句)
1-2)并列平行结构中连词and(和)与or(或)的用法区别:一般and用于构成肯定并列结构,or用于否定并列结构;有时and 也用于否定结构,但用法不同。如:
e) There is no air or water in the moon. / There is no air and no water on the moon. 月球上没有空气,没有水。(在否定并列结构中or相当于and no)
1-3)并列连词and和or连接的短语均可用作否定式介词的宾语,如:
f) We will die without air or water. 空气和水,我们缺少了任何一样都会死的。
g) We can't live without air and water. 没有了空气和水,我们是无法生存的。
1-4)but用于并列转折结构,如:
h) I don't like chicken, but I like fish very much. 我不喜欢吃鸡肉,但我非常喜欢吃鱼肉。
2)并列关联结构
2-1)both…and(既…又…,两者都),如:
a) She can play both the piano and the guitar. 她既会弹钢琴,又会弹吉他。
2-2)not only…but also不但…而且…;as(adv.)…as(conj.)像/和…一样;as well as(一般只连接同类对等的单词和短语,不连接句子)既…又,除…之外还…;如:
b) She can play not only the piano but also the guitar. 她不仅会弹钢琴,还会弹吉他。
c) Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 他不仅喜欢阅读故事,而且还能撰写一些故事。(关联连词not only…but also连接两个并列分句时,前一个分句因含否定词not而必须倒装。)
d) I am as tall as you (are). 我和你一样高。
e) She can play the piano as well as the guitar. 她会弹钢琴,还/也会弹吉他。
f) They liked to play basketball, and at the same time they were interested to football. 他们喜欢打篮球,也喜欢踢足球。(连接两个句子时,一般不说They…, as well as they…)
2-3)neither…nor(既不…也不…)并列结构中,谓语动词采取就近原则,与nor后的主语保持人称数的一致。如:
g) Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都没过错(责任)。
3)并列选择结构
3-1)or否则,如:
a) I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我必须努力用功了,否则通不过这次考试。
3-2)either…or要么…要么,谓语动词采取就近原则,即与or后所接主语的人称数一致。如:
b) Either you or I am right. 要么是我对,要么是你对。
4)并列转折或对比结构
4-1)but表转折,while表对比。如:
a) Summer is hot but winter is cold. 夏天热,但冬天冷。
b) Some people love cats, while others hate them. 有人喜欢猫,而有人则不喜欢。
4-2)not…but…(不是…,而是…)后接用词要一致。如:
c) These were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 这些不是动物的骨头,而是人类的(骨头)。
d) It is not yours, but mine. 这不是你的,而是我的。
e) Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time to do it. 不是我不喜欢这工作,而是我没时间去干。
5)因果关系结构
5-1)并列连词for表原因,连接并列句,如:
a) He is absent today, for he is ill. 他今天因病没来。(for是并列连词,连接两个并列分句时,只能置于两分句之间,而不能置于两分句之前)
5-2)并列连词so,therefore表结果,连接并列句,如:
b) He hurt his leg, so / therefore he couldn't take part in the race. 他腿受伤了,所以没能参加赛跑。
5-3)一般两个并列连词不可连用,但so,therefore,then,yet可与并列连词and连用,如:
c) He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game. 他伤着腿了,所以不能参加比赛了。
d) And then, you must remember not to be late for school. 而且,你还必须记住上学别迟到。
e) It is strange, and yet it is true. 很奇怪,然而却是真的。
5-4)although不与 but连用,但可与yet连用,如:
f) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.尽管他身体很弱,但他还是为做好这项工作尽力了。(不说Although…, but…)
6)其他并列连词的句法结构,如:
a) The car was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition. 那辆车几乎是新的,且其车况也极好。
b) He knew what he wanted; however he didn’t know how to get it. 他知道他需要什么;然而却不知道怎样去得到它。
c) The plan had certain shortcoming; nevertheless we decided to adopt it. 这个计划有缺点,不过/然而我们还是决定采纳。
d) The children were tired and cross, nor were their parents in a much better honor. 孩子们厌烦乖戾,其父母的颜面也不会太好。
e) She'd like to go only that he promised not to. 她想去,只要他保证不去。
f) I would do it with pleasure, only I am too busy. 我倒是很乐意去干,只是我太忙了。
g) Be quick, or it may be too late. 快点吧,不然就太迟了。
h) Hurry up, or else you’ll miss the last bus. 快点吧,不然你就赶不上末班车了。
i) You must work hard; otherwise you will not learn English well.你必须用功,否则学不好英语。
(4)从属连词的句法结构
a) The novel became even more popular after it was made into a movie. 这部小说在拍成电影之后更受欢迎了。
b) He knows English perfectly though he has never been to England. 他熟知英语,尽管他从未到过英国。
c) As he predicted, the wind direction changed. 正如他所预料,风向变了。
d) As winter approached, the days became shorter. 冬已来临,白昼变短。(as当…时)
e) As I have not read the book, I cannot tell you anything about it. 因为我没看过这本书,所以我无法告诉你任何相关内容。
f) I'll do it as you told me. 我会照你的交代去办。(as按照)
g) Sick as he was, he came to work. 他虽然病了,但还是来上班了。
h) As far as I know, it is not reliable. 就我所知,此事不靠谱。
i) We went as far as Harbin. 我们去到了远至哈尔滨。
j) As far as I am concerned, she is a good teacher. 在我看来,她是个好老师。
k) He was standing stiffly as if he were petrified with terror. 他僵硬地站着,好像吓呆了。
l) You may keep my dictionary for me as long as you can insure it's safe. 只要你能保证安全,就可以替我保存词典。
m) Theory becomes a material force as soon as it was mastered by human beings. 理论一旦被人类掌握,就会成为物质力量。
n) No sooner said than done. 说到做到。(一…,就…)
o) No sooner had I heard the knock than I opened the door. 我一听到敲打声,就开了门。
p) How can you leave before the class is over? 还没下课,你怎么能离开呢?
q) By the time he got there, everyone else had arrived. 他到达那里时,别人已经都到了。
r) I’ll finish the cause even if it takes all my life. 即使耗尽今生,我也要完成这份事业。
s) She left the door open in order for me to see my baby. 她给我开着门,以便(为了)让我看到我的宝宝。/ She left the door open in order that I can see my baby. 她给我开着门,以便(为了)我能看到我的宝宝。
t) He packed the instruments very carefully lest they should be broken during transportation. 他把那些仪器小心包装好,以免(恐怕)在运输中遭破损。
u) That is wrong, no matter who says it. 无论是谁说的,那都是错误的。
v) You must return immediately once he has given you the money. 一旦他给了你那笔钱,你就应该即刻返回。
w) I haven’t run into him once since the term began. 自这学期开学以来(后),我一次也没碰见他。
x) I’ll wash the dress so that you can wear it to travel around the world. 我把那件衣服洗好了,以便你能穿上它去周游世界。
y) I strongly believe that he is innocent. 我坚信他是无辜的。
z) Until they leave, we'd better not discuss it. 在他们离开之前(直到他们离开时),我们最好不讨论这件事。
a’) I refuse to do it unless you help. 我不干,除非你帮我。
b') When water becomes solid, we call it ice. 当水变成固体时,我们称其为冰。
c') Whenever I may go, I find him at his books. 我无论何时去,都发现他在看书。
d') Whether we go or stay, the result is the same. 我们是去是留,结果都一样。(是否,或是)
e') He stood quite silent while I appealed to him. 当我求助于他时,他站着莫不吱声。
f ') While I was reading, I fell asleep. 我一边看着书就睡着了。
5.3 感叹词
(1)感叹词的定义与性能
感叹词是用以表示喜怒哀乐等情感或情绪的词。感叹词没有实义,也是一种虚词,不能在句中构成通常意义的(如主语、谓语、表语等)句子成份,但因与全句有关连,故可当作表感叹的独立成份。感叹词后一般用逗号,语气较强时可用惊叹号。感叹词多置于句首,但有时也见置于句中或句末。
(2)常见感叹词及其用法
1)ah(啊!呀!哎!)表惊奇、悲哀、怜悯、欢喜,等。如:
a) Ah, you are both good-natured. 啊!你俩都是好脾气。
2)aha(啊哈!)表得意、惊奇、嘲笑,等。如:
b) Aha, Now I understand! 啊哈!我可明白了!
3)alas([书面体] 哎呀!)表痛苦、焦急,等。如:
c) Alas! The house was empty and there was a rental bill in the window. 哎呀!那房子空了,窗上有个出租广告。
d) Help arrived, alas! too late. 哎呀!援助来得太迟了。
4)bravo(好!妙!) 表欢呼、鼓劲儿。如:
e) Bravo! We’ve won the finals. 好!我们决赛赢了。
5)oh(哦!)表惊奇、恐惧、痛苦、高兴,等。如:
f) Oh, so you have come after all! 哦,你终于来了!
g) Oh, how strange it is! 哦,好奇怪啊!
6)bah(呸!)表鄙视,如:
h) Bah! Keep away from me! 呸!离我远点儿!
7)hurrah/hurray(乌拉!万岁!好哇!)表欢呼,如:
i) Hurrah! We're going home. 好哇!我们就快到家啦。
8)eh(呃?)表惊奇、疑问,如:
j) You’re reading the newspaper, eh? 你在看报呢,呃?
(3)其他常见感叹词,如:
ha(哈!)表惊喜,快乐,疑问,怀疑;
hem(哼!)表疑问,嘲笑;
hey(嘿!咦!)表唤起注意,或表欢欣、惊叹、惊骇、惊异、感叹;
hum(哼!)象声词;
pooh(呸!)象声词;
pshaw(哼!啐!);
tut-tut(啧啧!)象声词;
wow(哇!)象声词;等。
参考文献
1. 薄冰,何政安. Bo Bing English Grammar薄冰英语语法(袖珍本). 北京:开明出版社,2007
2. 戴云. TOEFL iBT 语法精要. 西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2011
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5. 吉玲,杨艳梅 等. 汉英双解成语词典. 北京:商务印书馆, 2005
6. 陈宗余. 简明英语同义词词典. 济南:山东教育出版社,1984
7. Frederick T Wood. 余士雄,余前文 译. English Prepositional Idioms英语介词习语词典. 北京: 知识出版社, 1983
(待续)
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