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如何在学术写作或科技文献中区辨 affect和 effect?由于affect 和 effect 这两个词,它们都各有名词和动词的形式,且两种词性各有不同的意义。再者,这两个字在拼写上只差一个字母,连发音也很接近,相当容易造成混淆。虽然它们看起来相似,但一旦误用,将完全改变句子的意思。
基本意思
‘Affect’常用作动词。这意味着要影响某事。
例如:
Diet affects a person’s risk of cancer.
Diet 积极影响 a person’s risk of cancer.
‘Effect’是一个名词。它表示结果,即操作的结果。
例如:
An effect of global warming is poorer air quality.
我们正在描述一个动作(global warming)的结果(poorer air quality)。
X has an effect on Y.
X is affected by Y.
这些陈述具有相同的含义。
请记住,“affect”常作动词使用,而“effect”常用作名词。下表仅适用于“affect”。有关更多信息,请参阅我们之前的文章:科学文献中动词时态的应用。
动词时态 | 何时使用 | 举例 |
一般现在时 | 说明一般事实时使用 | Diet affects a person’s risk of cancer. |
现在完成时 | 在描述过去发生但今天仍然有用的动作时使用. | In this study, we focus on how the Great Recession has affected the iconic “American Dream.” |
过去时 | 在讨论以前的研究或过去的事件时使用 | A quarter of all obese patients were affected by severe sleep apnea. |
过去完成时 | 描述一个动作在另一个动作之前发生时使用 | Telephone interviews were conducted with private households which had been affected by the 2013 floods in Germany. |
过去进行时 | 在描述过去发生的正在进行的操作时使用。 | It was found that the cutting strategy was affecting the geometry of second-order microstructures. |
现在进行时 | 在描述正在发生的事件时使用 | The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors are affecting job-seeking stress in nursing students. |
未来时 | 在讨论研究的意义时使用 | Flooding events will affect more people in the future as a result of sea-level rises. |
现在完成时 | 在描述过去发生但今天仍然有用的动作时使用. | In this study, we focus on how the Great Recession has affected the iconic “American Dream.” |
过去时 | 在讨论以前的研究或过去的事件时使用 | A quarter of all obese patients were affected by severe sleep apnea. |
过去完成时 | 描述一个动作在另一个动作之前发生时使用 | Telephone interviews were conducted with private households which had been affected by the 2013 floods in Germany. |
过去进行时 | 在描述过去发生的正在进行的操作时使用。 | It was found that the cutting strategy was affecting the geometry of second-order microstructures. |
现在进行时 | 在描述正在发生的事件时使用 | The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors are affecting job-seeking stress in nursing students. |
未来时 | 在讨论研究的意义时使用 | Flooding events will affect more people in the future as a result of sea-level rises. |
请记住,‘effect’作为名词,可能会以定冠词/不定冠词开头,例如‘an effect’, ‘its effect’, ‘the effect’ …等。
当你不知道到底该怎么使用这两个单词的时候,使用替代的动词/名词会有所帮助。如果使用替代动词保留了语句的含义,则“affect”是正确的。如果使用替代名词保留了语句的含义,则“effect”是正确的。
Affect的替代动词 | 举例 |
Change | Diet changes a person’s risk of cancer. |
Alter | Diet alters a person’s risk of cancer. |
Influence | Diet influences a person’s risk of cancer. |
Effect的替代名词 | 举例 |
Result | A result of global warming is poorer air quality. |
Outcome | An outcome of global warming is poorer air quality. |
Consequence | A consequence of global warming is poorer air quality. |
Sleep deprivation negatively affects various cognitive performances.
The effect of resistance exercise on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes is unclear.
In this study, we focused on events of severe water limitation that affect ecosystem structure and functioning.
The potential difference between the model alloys and aluminum was affected by pH value.
We investigated the effects of temperature on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of cattle manure.
Global warming will affect the genetic diversity and uniqueness of Lycaena hellepopulations.
All cultivars grown were affected at approximately 5 to 35% symptomatic plants per field.
In this study, we examine the factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity.
The high molecular weight glutenin subunits were the most affected.
Aspirin has shown a protective effect in population-based studies.
Naturally occurring VHL mutations have been evaluated to determine their effect on HIF-a ubiquitination.
A favorable effect of high intakes of milk and yogurt has been suggested by a hospital-based case-control study.
In addition to its effect on p53 checkpoint function, deletion of p14AR7 also affects the expression of p27.
在区辨这两个词的时候,大家可以参考以下这条规则:affect 常作为动词使用,而 effect 则常用作名词。
参考文献:
https://www.internationalscienceediting.com/affect-or-effect/
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