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第一节 英汉词汇的对比(词类、词义)
翻译离不开对英汉词类进行比较。英汉两种语言属于差异悬殊的语系,两种语言在结构、思维模式、习惯用法及表达方式等方面存在很大差异。
众所周知,不同的词类在句中充当不同的句子成分或起着不同的语法作用。我们先来回顾一下,英语和汉语中都有大致相同的词类:
A.实词(notional/content word):名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词;
B.虚词(functional/grammatical word);介词和连词;
C.象声词(onomatopoeia)
英汉语言中词类的差异:
英语中有冠词,而汉语中有量词(unit word)和语气词(exclamation )
这里我们将英汉动词进行一个简单对比。
英汉词类较为明显的差异有:英语使用动词较少,有很多动作体现在名词和介词等词类中,而汉语却大量使用动词。
例如:
“coming!” Away she shimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. "
“来啦!”她转身蹦跳着跑啦,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。原文只有两个动词,汉语译文却出现了“来、转、蹦、跳、跑、越、跨、穿、进”九个动词。由此可见,汉语动词的转换功能在英译汉是很强的,英语中许多名词,介词和形容词等,都可用汉语动词来转化。
Light from the sun is a mixture of light of many different colors.
太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合而成的。(名-动)
Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙特那时已受挫折。(形-动)
Modem industry would be lut of the question without iron and steel.没有钢铁,就谈不上现代化工业。(介-动)
We are behind in our plan .我们落后于原计划了。(副-动)
Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world .我们的衷心愿望是建立世界持久和平。(名-动)
The workers turned hopefully to that organization.工人对那个组织抱着很大希望。(副-动词词组)
(上例句引自http://www.sjtunet.com/blog/article.php?itemid-121-type-blog.html )
更多的例证:
The government called for the establishment of more technical school.
政府号召建立更多的技术学校。
The old man was forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。
名词——动词
It was a very informative meeting. 会议透露了许多信息。
Are you sure that he is telling the truth? 你确信他讲的是真话?
形容词——动词
They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
他们吃简陋的饮食,住寒冷的窑洞,靠微弱的灯光,长时间地工作。
介词——动词
We are two days ahead of schedule. 我们比原计划提前了两天。
Let me through. 让我过去。
副词——动词
下文的短文“英汉词类对比”,摘自:
http://hi.baidu.com/%CE%F7%CE%F7%C1%D5/blog/item/4463c11f8a7fc2f3e0fe0b8f.html
动词在英汉两种语言中都起着举足轻重的作用,但英语动词远比汉语动词复杂多变。
1).汉语不像英语那样具有形态上的曲折变化(Inflexion),而是靠形态助词黏附(Affixation)的词的重叠、组合(Repetition and Combination)表示形态变化,英译汉时,就需要将英语以屈折形态变化所表示的意义转换成汉语的词汇意义,即采用增词法。
时态可通过增加“着、了、为、过、正”等字表示;被动语态可通过增加“被、遭、为、由”等字表示;语气可通过增加助词“了、吗、的”等表示。
e.g. The criminal was hanged. 犯人被绞死了。
2).英语中分词结构和动名词结构十分常见,而汉语中根本就没有这种形态,因此翻译时必须利用汉语动词形态变化少而功能大的特点,重新安排句式。例如,可将英语分词结构译成汉语连动式、复合式等。
a.连动式
“Can you see?" Alice asked her little sister, holding her up to get a better view.爱丽丝把小妹妹抱起来,让她看清楚点,问道:“你能看见吗?”
b.复合式(并列或从属)
The storm being over, we drove on. 风暴停了,我们继续驱车前进。(并列)
关于形容词和副词,我们只讨论等比、优比、劣比三种情况的翻译问题。
Only people as old as the Speaker of the House of Representatives can safely so bet.只有像众议院议长这样高龄的人,才有如此断言的把握。(对比)
Jim can swim twice as fast as Jack.吉姆的游泳速度比杰克快一倍。(优比)
A divorce is less easy to obtain in Asia than in Europe.在亚洲不像在欧洲那样容易获准离婚。(劣比)
英汉两中语言中都存在一词多类的现象。一个词有几个不同的词类,因而具有几个不同的意义,这对翻译来说,是经常遇见的现象。
Examples:
“like”
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(相同的电荷相斥;不同的电荷相吸) adj.
He likes playing badminton.(他喜欢打羽毛球) v.
Lucy is like her mother.(露西长的象妈妈) prep.
Like knows like.(惺惺相惜) n.
同样的,来看汉译英的情况:
“水平”:
1). 他的英语水平比我的高。
He knows more English than I.
2).要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平……。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army…
3). 各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.
4),任何该等房间如有斜面天花板,其高度须量度至该天花板在楼面水平之上的平均高度
In any such room having a sloping ceiling, the height shall be measured to the mean height of such ceiling above floor level
5), 获理事会三分之二理事通过决议承认为与公会相若水平的会计团体,其会员可获理事会豁免受第(1)款的规定所规限。。。
The Council may grant exemptions from the requirements of subsection (1)to a person who is a member of an accountancy body accepted by the Council by resolution approved by two-thirds of its members as being of a standard similar to that of the S。。。
3 词义的选择
3.1 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
Examples:
I took a good room. It was big, light and looked out on the
我租了一个挺不错的房间,面积大,采光好,而且还面朝东湖。
He lighted his cigarette, said good night and went on.(v.)
他点燃一根香烟,道了声“晚安”,然后继续赶路。
Plants grow rapidly when exposed to light.(n.)
植物有了光照就会快速生长。
He is the last person for such a job.
他最不配这项工作/他最不适合这份工作
He should be the last to blame.
怎么也不能怪他
He is the last man to consult.
根本不宜找他商量
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你
The last time I spoke to Tom he seemed happy enough.
上次跟汤姆说话的时候,他看起来很开心
Examples: play
play tennis – 打网球 play chess– 下棋
play football-踢足球 play tricks— 耍花招
play cards--- 玩牌 play the flute-吹笛子
play the violin—拉小提琴
Some English words are quite active in collocating with other words.we should be cautious while doing translation and try to find the most appropriate equivalent in the target language. Such words include: make, cut, draw, do, play, take, etc.
4. 词义的引申
在英语中,特别是现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象的次来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念、翻译这类词语时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引申,译文才流畅、自然。同样也有代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物,汉译时必须具体化。
Examples:
There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler.
希特勒的性格中既有残暴的一面,也有狡猾的一面。(具体-抽象)
5. 词义的褒贬
语言在使用过程中,常被使用者赋予一定的感情色彩,以表达说话者的立场和观点。
Examples:
I used to be a politician. But since I came back from
我曾经是一名政客,但从北京回来后,我已成了一位政治家了。
His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
直到死后,才传出他是流氓的恶名。
Henry keeps boasting the he has talked to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。
John bragged about his wife and children before his mother
约翰在母亲面前夸奖自己的妻子和孩子。
A man without ambition could get nowhere.
没有抱负的人终将一事无成。
His ambition to become the leader of this country with military force is doomed to fail.
他想依靠军事力量成为这个国家领袖的野心是注定要失败的。
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