背景回顾：Abnormal temperature caused by global climate change threatens the rice production. Defense signaling network for chilling has been uncovered in plants. 

提出问题：However, less is known about repairing DNA damage produced from overwhelmed defense and its evolution during domestication. 

主要发现：Here, we genetically identified a major QTL, COLD11, using the data-merging genome-wide association study based on an algorithm combining polarized data from two subspecies, indica and japonica, into one system. 

结果1-COLD11基因功能：Rice loss-of-function mutations of COLD11 caused reduced chilling tolerance. 

结果2-驯化选择：Genome evolution analysis of representative rice germplasms suggested that numbers of GCG sequence repeats in the first exon of COLD11 were subjected to strong domestication selection during the northern expansion of rice planting. 

结果3-密码子重复促进耐冷性：The repeat numbers affected the biochemical activity of DNA repair protein COLD11/RAD51A1 in renovating DNA damage under chilling stress. 

结论：Our findings highlight a potential way to finely manipulate key genes in rice genome and effectively improve chilling tolerance through molecular designing.

Cold tolerance conferred by COLD11 depends on the number of alanine repeats.

全球气候变化导致的异常温度正威胁着全球的水稻产量。植物对寒冷的防御信号转导网络已经被揭示。但是，很少有研究涉及由于过度防御导致的DNA损伤修复及其在驯化过程中的演化。本文中，作者通过数据空间降维的整合方法，基于粳稻和籼稻的数据进行全基因组关联分析，成功鉴定到了一个主效QTL位点COLD11。水稻缺失COLD11基因会导致耐冷性降低。代表性水稻种质的基因组演化分析显示，在水稻往北方扩张种植的时候，COLD11基因第一个外显子上的GCG序列重复的数量受到了强烈的驯化选择。重复数量直接影响冷胁迫下，DNA修复蛋白COLD11/RAD51A1在修复DNA损伤方面的生化活性。本文的研究结果为未来通过分子设计育种改良水稻耐冷性提供一个关键调控基因。

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