背景回顾：Macadamia is a high value nut crop that is recently domesticated, ideal for testing the effect of artificial selection. 

主要研究：Here, we sequence the genome of Hawaiian cultivar ‘Kau’ and assemble into 794 Mb in 14 pseudo-chromosomes with 37,728 genes. 

结果1-WGD、基因扩张、基因复制：Genome analysis reveals a whole-genome duplication event, occurred 46.8 million years ago. Gene expansions occurred in gene families involves in fatty acid biosynthesis. Gene duplication of MADS-Box transcription factors in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis are relevant for seed coat development. 

结果2-群体重测序：Genome re-sequencing of 112 accessions reveals the origin of Hawaiian cultivars from Mount Bauple in southeast Queensland in Australia. Selective sweeps are detected in macadamia cultivars, including genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, seed coat development, and heat stress response.

结论：Such strong effects of artificial selection in few generations reveals the genomic basis for ‘one-step operation’ for clonal crop domestication. 

展望：The knowledge gained could accelerate domestication of new crops from wild species.

 摘 要 

澳洲坚果是一种最近被驯化的高价值坚果作物，是测试人工选择效果的理想植物。本文中，作者对夏威夷品种“Kau”的基因组进行了全基因组测序，组装获得了14条拟染色体基因组序列，大小约794 Mb，共注释37728个基因。基因组分析显示在四千六百八十万年前曾发生过一次全基因组复制事件。基因扩张家族主要涉及与脂肪酸生物合成通路。原花青素生物合成中MADS-box转录因子的基因复制与种皮发育有关。通过对112份材料的全基因组重测序，作者发现Hawaiian栽培种是来自于澳大利亚昆士兰东南部的Bauple山。选择性清楚分析鉴定到了澳洲坚果栽培种基因组上受到选择的区域，其中涉及到了参与脂肪酸生物合成、种皮发育以及高温胁迫响应相关的基因。在几个世代的人工选择之后就能产生如此强大的选择效果，表明克隆作物的“单步操作”驯化具有基因组学方面的基础。本文所报道的研究结果将有助于加速从野生种中驯化新作物。