背景回顾：More than 80% of the wheat genome consists of transposable elements (TEs), which act as one major driver of wheat genome evolution. 

提出问题：However, their contributions to the regulatory evolution of wheat adaptations remain largely unclear. 

主要研究：Here, we created genome-binding maps for 53 transcription factors (TFs) underlying environmental responses by leveraging DAP-seq in Triticum urartu, together with epigenomic profiles. 

结果1-TEs与TFBS：Most TF-binding sites (TFBS) located distally from genes are embedded in TEs, whose functional relevance is supported by purifying selection and active epigenomic features. 

结果2-non-TE与TE-embedded TFBS：About 24%of the non-TE TFBS share significantly high sequence similarity with TE-embedded TFBS. 

结果3-小麦族特异性：These non-TE TFBS have almost no homologous sequences in non-Triticeae species and are potentially derived from Triticeae-specific TEs. 

结果4-演化创新：The expansion of TE-derived TFBS linked to wheat-specific gene responses, suggesting TEs are an important driving force for regulatory innovations. 

结论：Altogether, TEs have been significantly and continuously shaping regulatory networks related to wheat genome evolution and adaptation.

 摘 要 

小麦基因组超过80%的序列都是转座子元件（TEs），是小麦基因组演化的主要驱动因子之一。但是，TEs对于小麦适应性的调控演化的具体作用还不清楚。本文中，作者通过DAP-seq和表观图谱研究了乌拉尔图小麦中53个转录因子在环境响应下的全基因组结合位点图谱。大多数位于基因远端的转录因子结合位点嵌入TEs中，这些位点受纯化选择，并且具有活跃的表观特征，因此具有潜在的功能。约24%的非TE转录因子结合位点与嵌入TE的转录因子结合位点具有高度的序列相似性。这些非TE转录因子结合位点在非小麦族的物种中几乎没有同源序列，说明其可能是小麦族起源的特异性TEs。源自TE的转录因子结合位点的扩张与小麦特异性的基因响应相关，说明TEs是调控创新的重要驱动因素。综上，TEs显著并持续塑造了与小麦基因组演化和适应相关的调控网络。