背景回顾：Aristolochia, a genus in the magnoliid order Piperales, has been famous for centuries for its highly specialized flowers and wide medicinal applications. 

主要研究：Here, we present a new, high-quality genome sequence of Aristolochia fimbriata, a species that, similar to Amborella trichopoda, lacks further whole-genome duplications since the origin of extant angiosperms. 

结果1-WGD鉴定：As such, the A. fimbriata genome is an excellent reference for inferences of angiosperm genome evolution, enabling detection of two novel whole-genome duplications in Piperales and dating of previously reported whole-genome duplications in other magnoliids. 

结果2-被子植物演化：Genomic comparisons between A. fimbriata and other angiosperms facilitated the identification of ancient genomic rearrangements suggesting the placement of magnoliids as sister to monocots, whereas phylogenetic inferences based on sequence data we compiled yielded ambiguous relationships. 

结果3-花发育相关基因：By identifying associated homologues and investigating their evolutionary histories and expression patterns, we revealed highly conserved floral developmental genes and their distinct downstream regulatory network that may contribute to the complex flower morphology in A. fimbriata. 

结果4-马兜铃酸生物合成：Finally, we elucidated the genetic basis underlying the biosynthesis of terpenoids and aristolochic acids in A. fimbriata.

 摘 要 

马兜铃属，是木兰类植物胡椒目下的一个属，因其高度特化的花和极具医药价值而闻世已久。本文中，作者报道了流苏马兜铃的高质量基因组，该物种与无油樟在某个方面比较相似，即在现有所有被子植物起源之后，未发生过全基因组复制事件。正因如此，流苏马兜铃基因组成为了研究被子植物基因组演化的完美参考基因组，帮助鉴定了胡椒目中新发生的两次全基因组复制事件，以及辅助确定了之前在其它木兰类植物中鉴定到的全基因组复制事件发生的时间。通过比较流苏马兜铃和其它被子植物的基因组，作者鉴定了古老的基因组重排，表明了木兰类植物是单子叶植物的姊妹类群，而基于序列数据进行的系统发育推断出现了马赛克的系统发育关系。通过鉴定相关的同源基因、及其演化历史和表达模式，作者揭示了花发育基因的高度保守及其下游调控网络的差异性可能是流苏马兜铃复杂花形态的原因。最后，作者还揭示了流苏马兜铃中萜类和马兜铃酸生物合成的遗传基础。