背景回顾：In rice, a small increase in nighttime temperature reduces grain yield and quality.

提出问题：How warm nighttime temperatures (WNT) produce these detrimental effects is not well understood, especially in field conditions where the typical day-to-night temperature fluctuation exceeds the mild increase in nighttime temperature. 

结果1-转录组变化：We observed genome-wide disruption of gene expression timing during the reproductive phase in field-grown rice panicles acclimated to 2 to 3 °C WNT. 

结果2-节律性与非节律性转录本对于WNT的敏感性：Transcripts previously identified as rhythmically expressed with a 24-h period and circadian-regulated transcripts were more sensitive to WNT than were nonrhythmic transcripts. 

结果3-系统性转录响应：The system-wide perturbations in transcript levels suggest that WNT disrupt the tight temporal coordination between internal molecular events and the environment, resulting in reduced productivity. 

结果4-潜在转录调控因子：We identified transcriptional regulators whose predicted targets are enriched for sensitivity to WNT. 

结论：The affected transcripts and candidate regulators identified through our network analysis explain molecular mechanisms driving sensitivity to WNT and identify candidates that can be targeted to enhance tolerance to WNT.

 摘 要 

在水稻中，夜间温度的稍有增加就会减少籽粒产量和品质。但是，暖夜（WNT）如何造成这些有害影响的还不清楚，尤其是在大田条件下平常的昼夜温度波动早已超过了夜间温度的轻度增加。作者发现大田条件下，水稻在适应2-3℃的WNT后，水稻穗在生殖阶段的基因表达时间出现了全基因组范围上的紊乱。先前被鉴定为具有24小时周期节律性表达的转录本和受到生物节律调控的转录本，要比非节律性转录本对WNT更加敏感。转录水平的系统性扰动表明，WNT破坏了内部分子事件和环境之间紧密时间协调，导致了水稻产量降低。作者进一步鉴定了转录调节因子，其预测的基因靶点对WNT表现出更强的敏感性。基于对受影响的转录本和候选调节因子的网络分析，本文的研究揭示了驱动水稻对WNT敏感性的分子机制，并确定了可被用于增强水稻对WNT耐受性的候选基因。