背景回顾：Elevated temperatures can cause physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plants that can greatly affect their growth and development. Mutations are the most fundamental force driving biological evolution. 

提出问题：However, how long-term elevations in temperature influence the accumulation of mutations in plants remains unknown.

主要发现：Multigenerational exposure of Arabidopsis MA (mutation accumulation) lines and MA populations to extreme heat and moderate warmingresults in significantly increased mutation rates in single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indels. 

结果1-高温下的突变谱：We observe distinctive mutational spectra under extreme and moderately elevated temperatures, with significant increases in transition and transversion frequencies. 

结果2-高温下的突变在基因组上的分布：Mutation occurs more frequently in intergenic regions, coding regions, and transposable elements in plants grown under elevated temperatures. 

结果3-高温下突变富集的基因：At elevated temperatures, more mutations accumulate in genes associated with defense responses, DNA repair, and signaling. 

结果4-群体与单系对突变的选择：Notably, the distribution patterns of mutations among all progeny differ between MA populations and MA lines, suggesting that stronger selection effects occurred in populations. 

结果5-甲基化的作用：Methylation is observed more frequently at mutation sites, indicating its contribution to the mutation process at elevated temperatures. 

结果6-同一基因组上高温所致突变的分布：Mutations occurring within the same genome under elevated temperatures are significantly biased toward low gene density regions, special trinucleotides, tandem repeats, and adjacent simple repeats. 

结果7-1001 Genomes项目：Additionally, mutations found in all progeny overlap significantly with genetic variations reported in 1001 Genomes, suggesting non-uniform distribution of de novo mutations through the genome. 

结论：Collectively, our results suggest that elevated temperatures can accelerate the accumulation, and alter the molecular profiles, of DNA mutations in plants, thus providing significant insight into how environmental temperatures fuel plant evolution.

 摘 要 

温度升高会导致植物生理、生化和分子层面的响应，对植物的生长和发育产生深远的影响。突变是驱动生物演化的最基本力量。但是，长期的温度升高对于植物突变积累的影响还不清楚。连续多代处于极度高温和适度温暖条件下的拟南芥突变积累（MA）株系和MA群体，其单核苷酸变异和小片段的插入/缺失频率显著升高。作者在极度高温和适度温暖条件下观察到了特别的突变谱，其转换和颠换的频率显著升高。在温度升高条件下，与防御响应、DNA修复和信号转导相关基因上会积累更多的突变。值得注意的是，MA群体和MA株系之间子代的突变分布模式存在不同，说明群体中发生了更强的选择效应。在突变位点的甲基化频率更高，说明甲基化可能在温度升高所导致的DNA突变中发挥作用。在同一基因组内，高温条件所导致的突变明显偏向于低基因密度区域、特定的三核苷酸、串联重复和毗邻的简单重复区域。另外，在所有子代中发现的突变与1001 Genomes中所报告的遗传变异显著重叠，表明从头突变在整个基因组中的分布不均匀。综上，温度升高可以加速植物DNA突变的积累，并改变分子轮廓，从而为”环境温度如何刺激植物演化“这一科学问题提供了新的视野。