Long-term balancing selection contributes to adaptation in Arabidopsis and its relatives
First author:Qiong Wu; Affiliations: Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中科院植物所): Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ya-Long Guo (郭亚龙)
Background: In contrast to positive selection (正向选择), which reduces genetic variation by fixing beneficial alleles, balancing selection (平衡选择) maintains genetic variation within a population or species and plays crucial roles in adaptation in diverse organisms. However, which genes, genome-wide, are under balancing selection and the extent to which these genes are involved in adaptation are largely unknown.
Results: We performed a genome-wide scan for genes under balancing selection across two plant species, Arabidopsis thalianaand its relative Capsella rubella (荠菜), which diverged about 8 million generations ago. Among hundreds of genes with shared coding-region polymorphisms, we find evidence for long-term (长期的) balancing selection in five genes: AT1G35220, AT2G16570, AT4G29360, AT5G38460, and AT5G44000. These genes are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress and other fundamental biochemical processes. More intriguingly, for these genes, we detected significant ecological diversification between the two haplotype (单倍型) groups, suggesting that balancing selection has been very important for adaptation.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that beyond the well-known S-locus genes and resistance genes, many loci are under balancing selection. These genes are mostly correlated with resistance to stress or other fundamental functions and likely play a more important role in adaptation to diverse habitats than previously thought.