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经济增长速度简易预测表法
刘新建
在以前的一篇博文中给出一个经济增长速度简易预测公式(关于保持经济中高速增长的条件与因素):
λt+1=kt+1(It/Gt)=kt+1bt
其中,λt+1是t+1年的增长速度,bt是t年的资本形成总额(相当于投资)与GDP的比率,相当于毛积累率,kt+1是t+1年的资本产出率,相当于单位投资成果可以增加的产出,可看做是资本使用效率的表现。。现在觉得这个公式虽然简单,但很有意义。在实际经济中,kt+1决定于年度经济形势,形势好就高,形势不好就低。经济衰退时,kt+1可以变成负的。在现代经济预测中,经常使用三估值预测法,即把形势分为乐观、中性和悲观。在这里的预测公式中,就是给kt+1取大中小三个值。进一步可以对三估值各自发生的概率也做出一个评估。对于经济增长速度预测,不同的经济发展水平,kt+1的取值有水平性差异。通过表1和表2,我们可以看出中美两国的差异。美国经济良好年份的k值在0.19左右,在一般年份为0.12-0.15,差的年份小于0.1甚至为负;中国经济的k值在良好年份为0.25左右,在一般年份为0.22左右,差的年份到0.11,这两年在0.16左右。
表1 中国经济增长基本数据 | |||||
年份 | 支出法GDP(现价,亿元) | 资本形成 | GDP指数 | 投资效率k | 资本形成占比 (b%) |
1978 | 3605.6 | 1377.9 | 111.6 |
| 38.2 |
1979 | 4045.4 | 1478.9 | 107.6 | 0.20 | 36.6 |
1980 | 4539.3 | 1579.7 | 107.9 | 0.22 | 34.8 |
1981 | 4919.6 | 1620.2 | 105.1 | 0.15 | 32.9 |
1982 | 5386.0 | 1714.2 | 109.0 | 0.27 | 31.8 |
1983 | 6033.4 | 1914.0 | 110.8 | 0.34 | 31.7 |
1984 | 7293.7 | 2495.1 | 115.2 | 0.48 | 34.2 |
1985 | 9121.5 | 3557.5 | 113.5 | 0.39 | 39.0 |
1986 | 10406.3 | 3921.9 | 108.9 | 0.23 | 37.7 |
1987 | 12221.8 | 4562.0 | 111.7 | 0.31 | 37.3 |
1988 | 15252.9 | 5970.2 | 111.3 | 0.30 | 39.1 |
1989 | 17270.2 | 6412.7 | 104.2 | 0.11 | 37.1 |
1990 | 18968.4 | 6447.0 | 103.9 | 0.11 | 34.0 |
1991 | 22014.1 | 7768.0 | 109.3 | 0.27 | 35.3 |
1992 | 27208.0 | 10686.3 | 114.3 | 0.41 | 39.3 |
1993 | 35751.2 | 15603.8 | 113.9 | 0.35 | 43.6 |
1994 | 48644.8 | 19704.9 | 113.1 | 0.30 | 40.5 |
1995 | 61329.0 | 24104.6 | 111.0 | 0.27 | 39.3 |
1996 | 71861.2 | 27284.5 | 109.9 | 0.25 | 38.0 |
1997 | 79739.2 | 28632.5 | 109.2 | 0.24 | 35.9 |
1998 | 85174.5 | 30035.4 | 107.8 | 0.22 | 35.3 |
1999 | 90447.2 | 31228.7 | 107.6 | 0.22 | 34.5 |
2000 | 100072.9 | 33960.7 | 108.4 | 0.24 | 33.9 |
2001 | 110657.4 | 39715.6 | 108.3 | 0.24 | 35.9 |
2002 | 121576.8 | 44310.9 | 109.1 | 0.25 | 36.4 |
2003 | 137457.3 | 54850.9 | 110.0 | 0.27 | 39.9 |
2004 | 161616.4 | 68156.0 | 110.1 | 0.25 | 42.2 |
2005 | 187767.2 | 75954.0 | 111.3 | 0.27 | 40.5 |
2006 | 219424.6 | 87875.2 | 112.7 | 0.31 | 40.0 |
2007 | 269486.4 | 109624.6 | 114.2 | 0.36 | 40.7 |
2008 | 317172.0 | 135199.0 | 109.6 | 0.24 | 42.6 |
2009 | 346431.2 | 158301.1 | 109.2 | 0.22 | 45.7 |
2010 | 406580.9 | 192015.3 | 110.6 | 0.23 | 47.2 |
2011 | 480860.7 | 227593.1 | 109.5 | 0.20 | 47.3 |
2012 | 534744.5 | 248389.9 | 107.7 | 0.16 | 46.5 |
2013 | 589737.2 | 274176.7 | 107.7 | 0.17 | 46.5 |
2014 | 640696.9 | 293783.1 | 107.3 | 0.16 | 45.9 |
表中第2至4列数据从中国国家统计局网中取得,后两列计算而得。 |
表2 美国经济增长数据 | |||||
年份 | 名义GDP(亿美元) | GDP指数 |
资本形成(亿美元) | 投资效率k |
资本形成占比(%) |
1978 | 23566 | 105.56 | 6097 |
| 25.9 |
1979 | 26321 | 103.17 | 6778 | 0.12 | 25.8 |
1980 | 28625 | 99.73 | 6598 | -0.01 | 23.0 |
1981 | 32110 | 102.54 | 8083 | 0.11 | 25.2 |
1982 | 33450 | 98.19 | 7231 | -0.07 | 21.6 |
1983 | 36381 | 104.64 | 8029 | 0.21 | 22.1 |
1984 | 40407 | 107.26 | 10787 | 0.33 | 26.7 |
1985 | 43467 | 104.24 | 10712 | 0.16 | 24.6 |
1986 | 45902 | 103.50 | 10938 | 0.14 | 23.8 |
1987 | 48702 | 103.57 | 11740 | 0.15 | 24.1 |
1988 | 52526 | 104.20 | 12138 | 0.17 | 23.1 |
1989 | 56577 | 103.68 | 12979 | 0.16 | 22.9 |
1990 | 59796 | 101.91 | 12984 | 0.08 | 21.7 |
1991 | 61740 | 99.94 | 12380 | 0.00 | 20.1 |
1992 | 65393 | 103.55 | 13254 | 0.18 | 20.3 |
1993 | 68787 | 102.74 | 14195 | 0.14 | 20.6 |
1994 | 73088 | 104.04 | 16145 | 0.20 | 22.1 |
1995 | 76641 | 102.72 | 16564 | 0.12 | 21.6 |
1996 | 81002 | 103.80 | 17829 | 0.18 | 22.0 |
1997 | 86085 | 104.48 | 19960 | 0.20 | 23.2 |
1998 | 90892 | 104.45 | 21403 | 0.19 | 23.5 |
1999 | 96606 | 104.79 | 23135 | 0.20 | 23.9 |
2000 | 102848 | 104.09 | 24786 | 0.17 | 24.1 |
2001 | 106218 | 100.98 | 23040 | 0.04 | 21.7 |
2002 | 109775 | 101.79 | 23870 | 0.08 | 21.7 |
2003 | 115107 | 102.81 | 25125 | 0.13 | 21.8 |
2004 | 122749 | 103.79 | 28291 | 0.17 | 23.0 |
2005 | 130937 | 103.35 | 31003 | 0.15 | 23.7 |
2006 | 138559 | 102.67 | 33000 | 0.11 | 23.8 |
2007 | 144776 | 101.77 | 32705 | 0.07 | 22.6 |
2008 | 147186 | 99.74 | 30273 | -0.01 | 20.6 |
2009 | 144187 | 97.20 | 23775 | -0.14 | 16.5 |
2010 | 149644 | 102.53 | 28142 | 0.15 | 18.8 |
2011 | 155179 | 101.60 | 29196 | 0.09 | 18.8 |
2012 | 161632 | 102.32 | 31634 | 0.12 | 19.6 |
2013 | 167681 | 102.22 | 33184 | 0.11 | 19.8 |
2014 |
|
|
| 0.12 |
|
表3 GDP增长率预测速查表 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
b k | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
45 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.0 |
44 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.8 |
43 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.7 |
42 | 13.9 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.6 |
41 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.5 |
40 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.4 |
39 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.3 |
38 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.2 |
37 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.1 |
36 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
35 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 3.9 |
34 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 |
33 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.6 |
32 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
31 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.4 |
30 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
29 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.2 |
28 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.1 |
27 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.0 |
26 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
25 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.8 |
24 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 |
23 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
22 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 |
21 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.3 |
20 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
19 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 |
18 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
17 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
16 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 |
15 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
14 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
13 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
12 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
11 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
表3中,天蓝色部分是中国经济高速增长区域,增长速度在9-12%;黄色部分是中国经济新常态区域,增长速度在6-8%;绿色部分是美国经济目前的正常区域,增长速度在2-3%。对美国经济,超过3%就是高速增长。灰色区域是中国经济在2020年后可能处于的增长速度区。
中国经济增长速度要想再次超过8%进入高增长区,实现0.2左右的投资效率,需要加快中西部地区的新技术扩散速度,还得依靠外延式技术进步增长,即将已有的大规模经济成熟技术应用到落后地区,同时,投资率保持40%以上,从而最终消费在GDP中的比例不高于60%。
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