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本月19日,以中国科学院杨力、陈玲玲夫妇为通讯作者的研究团队在Cell在线发表了一篇“外显子环化”的研究论文——“互补序列介导外显子环化”(Complementary Sequence-Mediated Exon Circularization),其研究水平之高,研究意义之重大,不言而喻,可喜可贺!
不过,国内网站很多点评者因为以前只听说过“共价闭环DNA”(cccDNA)即“环状DNA”,如质粒DNA、线粒体DNA、叶绿体DNA等,从来没有听说过“环状RNA”(circRNA),以为该文的最大“亮点”是首次发现了“环状RNA”,并视其为前无古人的重大发现!
其实,只要看看原文摘要中的第一句话,就知道作者是如何评价自己的“创新点”的:外显子环化现象已从哺乳动物的许多基因位点被鉴定出来,但其产生的详细机理仍旧扑朔迷离(Exon circularization has been identified from many loci in mammals, but the detailed mechanism of its biogenesis has remained elusive),即该文的创新点并非首次发现外显子环化现象,而是阐明了环状RNA形成的机理——内含子互补序列介导外显子环化。
上图就是基因转录初产物——核内不均一RNA(hnRNA)中编码序列外显子(exon)-非编码序列内含子(intron)的剪接(splicing)过程。已知内含子的末端序列经过配对和剪接酶切割可使外显子连接起来形成成熟的信使RNA(mRNA),而内含子本身则形成环状RNA分子。
上图是这次新发现的外显子环化示意图。请注意RNA利用Alu倒转重复序列(IRAlu)配对,如果IRAlu配对发生在内含子中,那么外显子直接连接成线状RNA。如果IRAlu配对发生在两个内含子之间,那么相邻的外显子就形成环状RNA,而远隔的外显子则连接成线状RNA。
早在1976年,两次诺奖获得者Sanger就描述了类病毒的环状RNA结构。我当学生的时候,就已经知道外显子-内含子“剪接”过程中会形成“套环”(lariat)结构或“套索”状结构。去年2月27日,Nature在线发表了一篇关于环状RNA普遍存在并具有基因表达调控作用的论文(Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency)。环状RNA的概念深入人心,它哪里是创新呢?
更能说明环状RNA是老生常谈的是,Wikipedia早就有Circular RNA的词条,并且有非常详尽的描述(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_RNA)。从Wikipedia的Circular RNA词条介绍可知,仅2012-2013年,就有3个关于环状RNA的重大发现:
Salzman et al 2012[edit]
Originally wanted to identify cancer-specific exon scrambling events
Ended up finding scrambled exons in a large number of both normal and cancer cells
Scrambled exon isoforms: ~10% of total transcript isoforms in leukocytes
Identified 2,748 scrambled isoforms in HeLa and H9 embryonic stem cells
About 1 in 50 expressed genes produced scrambled transcript isoforms at least 10% of the time
Some tests for circularity: (1) Treated samples with RNase R, an enzyme which degrades linear RNAs but not circular RNAs, and (2) Tested for the presence of poly-A tails (shouldn’t be present in a circular molecule)
Conclusion – 98% of scrambled isoforms represented circRNAs [1]
Jeck et al 2013[edit]
Treated human fibroblast RNA with RNase R to enrich for circular RNAs
Used three "stringency" categories (low, medium, high) to classify circular transcripts based on their levels of abundance
Including the "low" category, ~1 in 8 expressed genes produced detectable levels of circRNA
Significantly higher than Salzman’s number (above)
May be due to greater sequencing depth [6]
Memczak et al 2013[edit]
Developed a computational method to detect circRNAs
de novo detected circRNAs in humans, mouse and C. elegans and extensively validated them
Found that circRNAs are often expressed tissue/developmental stage specific
Described that circRNAs can act as antagonists of miRNAs as exemplified by the circRNA CDR1as (see below)
根据现有理论,解释环状RNA的形成有两种模型,一是“套索驱动环化”(lariat-driven circularization)模型,另一种是“内含子配对驱动环化”(intron-pair-driven circularization)模型。这篇Cell最新论文的研究结果支持后一种模型,并解释了外显子环状RNA的来源,它将理论变成实际,用实验验证模型,这才是该文的意义所在,而它的价值偏重于理论而非实际应用。
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