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尺度具有政权属性,也就具有时代特征;知道了尺度,就可以对出土不明的器物“以尺断代”。若能直接测量实物,则是容易的事情:以合适的尺长测量恰当的部位所得规整;即使只有图片和少数形体数据,也能在估算图片变形之后大致做出判断。学界似乎尚没有注意到以尺断代乃至辨伪的方法,故而以宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆所藏两件青铜器为例再作说明。
Object No:29-25-1;https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/277109
Zun, 尊, with wide central band of ornament between two raised lines, top and bottom. Design consists of confronted birds between taotie masks. Inscription inside the base reads: 獸作父庚寶尊彝.[弓]. "Shòu zuò fù gēng bǎo zūn yí gōng" ("Shou made for his Father Day 7 this precious ritual vessel. [Lineage emblem.]"). Triangular piece broken from foot. Crack at lip shows a mend.
Western Zhou Dynasty
Height 18 cm;Outside Diameter 17.8 cm
铜尊适用商尺19.7 cm,口外径九寸(17.73 cm),颈径五寸,腹径六寸(因纹饰略偏大),圈足顶径五寸、底径七寸;通高九寸过2.7 mm(腹底厚度?),颈和腹皆高三寸半,圈足高二寸。馆藏介绍的年代“西周”想来有误,或许应是殷商晚期。
Object No:29-25-2;https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/268434
Small drinking cup of oval section. The inscription on the inside bottom reads: 尹舟父丙 Yin Zhou Fu Bing which translates as: Yin [an official title], Zhou [name], Fu Bing [Father Day 3, the person to whom the object is dedicated]. The inscription may have been cut recently.
Shang Dynasty (uncertain) | Zhou Dynasty (uncertain)
Height 10.6 cm;Outside Diameter 2.75 cm
斛形体较小,似满足周尺21.5 cm:设计值为通高五寸(10.75 cm)、圈足高四分之三寸,口径和腹径一寸又四分之一寸(2.69 cm),颈径和圈足底径一寸。这件铜斛不会是商代的,想来是周代的,器物为真而铭文“尹舟父丙”或伪。
器主“父庚”和“父丙”,当然是商人以天干为名的特征,但并不能据此断代或辨伪,因为用名方式与族属相关,并不会随政权更迭而瞬即变化;器物的形制和纹饰以及铭文字体具有演变特征,但演变过程较为复杂,且可能随地域和人群而不同,据其断代也需要谨慎——对同一件有铭青铜器,不同专家、乃至同一专家不同论文给出的年代能够相差百年以上。
笔者觉得,尺度对部分铜器的断代可能更为准确、可靠,如皿方罍适用周尺,想来不是商代的 https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-275648-1364786.html。
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