句型与结构两不误——从句型分类看论文结构I

原创：学位论文写作

Wordvice，Useful Phrases for Writing Academic Papers

非原创声明：本文分享的句型，原创权属于Wordvice，读者如果需要引用句型，应引用Wordvice

 一篇标准的学术论文包含摘要、引言、方法、结果、结果讨论和结论几个部分。每一部分都有一些要求，我们之前的一些文章对各部分要求都有一些介绍，尤其指出了摘要需要强调五要素、引言注重四部曲、结论要求让读者记住要点。本文使用上一篇文章介绍的句型大全来源中给出的句型与分类，从另外一个角度分析论文各部分结构有什么更详细的要求。

这次分享本文的第一部分，内容仅基于写作指导网Wordvice给出的句型与句型分类。下一篇文章则基于另外一个具有更详细句型与句型分类的来源。

一、摘要/引言/文献调研的基本要求

Abstract/Introduction/Literature Review

写作指导网Wordvice并未把摘要和引言单独分出来，而是把摘要、引言和文献调研合在一起考虑。在本文的第二部分，摘要和引言会被分开考虑。有关摘要的基本句型要求可以阅读论文摘要中的基本句型。

1.1   一般性要求

摘要是论文的简介，一般情况下需要突出动机、问题陈述、方法、结果和结论这五个要素。摘要的长度应遵循目标期刊的指南要求。摘要是独立阅读的文本（连同标题出现在检索系统之中），因此一般不能含有数学符号、未经解释的缩写语以及对编号的交叉引用。

引言通过背景、需求、任务和目标四部曲，交代论文工作的来龙去脉并强调问题的重要性。通过背景和需求分析来提出问题，通过任务和论文目标的实现来说明将如何解答问题。其中，研究状态通过文献介绍说明问题为什么有意义，且当前知识或方法中存在哪些差距。

1.2   从句型大全看具体要求

从Wordvice针对摘要和引言给出的句型分类，可以看出在这些部分，需要包含如下内容：

①  确定主题的重要性

②  在给定的时间范围内确定主题的重要性

③  提供文献概要

④  突出所研究的领域的一个具体问题

⑤  突出所研究的领域有什么争议

⑥  突出以往的研究有什么不足

⑦  说明本研究的目的是什么

⑧  提出要研究的具体问题或假设是什么。

下面是针对每部分内容，Wordvice给出的英文基本句型（去掉了与具体专业相关的词汇）。

① 确定主题的重要性 Establishing the importance of the topic

a. X is the leading cause of …  in …

b. Xs are among the most widely used … and … 

c. X is a common … characterized by…

d. The issue of X has received considerable critical attention

e. X is an increasingly important issue in…

f. Xs are some of the most … that exist in … 

g. X is an important component in Y and plays a key role in Z.

②在给定的时间范围内确定主题的重要性 Establishing the importance of the topic within a given time frame

a. Recent developments in X have increased the need for…

b. Over the past fifty years there has been a steady increase in…

c. Traditionally, Xs have employed one type of model that…

d. In the last … years, there has been increasing public interest in…

e. Recently, researchers have increased their scrutiny of…

f. Since the late 1970’s, research into X has experienced a boom…

g. One of the most important breakthroughs of the 1990’s was…

③提供文献概要 Giving a synopsis of the literature

a. In the past decade, a number of studies have sought to determine…

b. Previous studies in this area of research have reported…

c. A considerable volume of literature has been published on X.

d. Xs were reported in the later models of Y (e.g., Pinot, 1998; Gregory, &  Mustafa, 2002).

e. Jackson (2004: 154) demonstrates that past research into X was…

f. Surveys such as those carried out by Jackson (2004) showed how…

④突出研究领域的一个问题 Highlighting a problem in the field of study

a. However, these rapid changes are having serious effects…

b. Regardless of the progress in the area of X, the major problem of Y persists.

c. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.

d. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of…

⑤突出研究领域的争议 Highlighting a controversy in the field of study

a. To date there has been no consensus on how…

b. Some observers have drawn attention to the conflict in…

c. The controversy regarding confirmation of X has raged unabated for many decades.

d. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of…

e. Little information is understood about X or what key factors…

⑥突出以往研究的不足Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies

a. However, the relationship has not been strongly established …

b. What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …

c. Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …

d. Results of previous studies have proved inconclusive

⑦说明研究目的 Stating the purpose of the study

a. The main purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of…

b. There are two central objectives of this study:

c. To investigate…

d. To determine…

e. The aim of this survey has been to try and ascertain what…

f. The goal of this study is to investigate the differences between….

g. The purpose of this research is to examine the way in which …

 ⑧确定研究问题或假设 Identifying the research question or hypothesis

a. The central question in this dissertation examines …

b. This study aimed to address the following questions:

c. In particular, this study will examine four main research questions:

d. A crucial research question of this study was thus whether…

e. The hypothesis that will be tested is…

 二、方法介绍的基本要求  Methods & Materials 

2.1  方法介绍的一般性要求

方法是指你用什么方式来得到你要的结果，这往往涉及研究思路、使用的手段与材料、策略与步骤、数据处理方法和合理性分析等几个方面。研究手段、使用方式和合理性讨论是方法介绍的三个要

素。对于一些论文，尤其是规范结构(IMRAD)的论文，方法是单独的一节（一章）。有些论文的方法介绍可能出现在论文的不同部分，如一些数学论文的方法贯穿于各种结果的证明与论证之中。

2.2  方法介绍的具体要求与相关句型

Wordvice指出，这部分应包含三个方面的内容，它们分别是

①  交代使用了什么方法，数据来源是什么。

②  解释为什么使用或拒绝一种方法。

③  描述使用仪器/详细信息的过程。

在过程描述时，还应恰当使用顺序词和副词。下面是针对每部分内容，Wordvice给出的英文基本句型。

① 提供方法和数据来源概要Giving a synopsis of methods and  sources of data

a. This study was investigative and exploratory in nature.

b. The study was conducted in the form of a series of experiments, with data being  gathered via…

c. This research takes the form of a case study of the…

d. Using quantitative measures, I attempt to examine the…

e. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study.

 ②解释为什么使用或拒绝一种方法 Explaining why a method was used  or rejected

a. A longitudinal study was used to allow a wider sample of…

b. A qualitative method was avoided to ensure the accuracy of…

c. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of…

d. The X approach has a number of useful features, including…

③使用仪器/详细信息描述过程Describing the process using instruments/detailed information

a. Data analysis was carried out using Qiqqa 4.

b. Comparisons between the two groups were made using t-tests…

c. Using X-ray and focusing on X, it was possible to measure…

d. At intervals of 2 min, 50cc of X was dissolved into Y….

e. In order to identify the most responsive traits, the subjects were given…

f. To establish whether there were any mitigating factors…

g. For the purpose of measuring weight, all subjects stood…

h. Data for this study were retrospectively collected from…

i. Prior to undertaking this study, measurements were taken of…

j. Following this procedure, each sample was put in a…

k. The resulting compound was manually mixed in a flask so that…

 三、结果介绍的基本要求Results

3.1  结果介绍的一般性要求

结果是你通过研究得到的数据或规律，可以是发现了什么、验证了什么、改进了什么、补充了什么、推广了什么、创造了什么。有的结果用文字表述，有的用数据、图形和表格表述，有的用数学表达式甚至数学定理表述，也可以几种表述方式有机结合。

3.2  结果介绍的具体要求与相关句型

Wordvice指出，这部分应包含五个方面的内容，它们分别是

①  关联论文的目标和使用的方法。

②  突出图表中的数据特征。

③  给出正面和负面结果。

④  报告有趣或令人惊讶的结果。

⑤  总结和过渡到新章节

除此之外，还针对访谈、调查和问卷调查的结果介绍方式给出了句型。下面是针对每部分内容，Wordvice给出的英文基本句型。

①关联研究的目的或方法Referring to aim or method of the study

a. To account for these two possibilities…

b. The correlation between X and Y was tested and found to be…

c. The first group of analyses examined the effects of…

d. T-tests were used to determine the connection between…

②突出显示表、图表或图表中的数据特征Highlighting data in a table, graph, or chart

a. As Table 4 shows, there is a clear trend of…

b. From the data in Figure 3.7, is can be seen that…

c. The differences between X and Y are shown in Table 2.

d. Data in this chart can be compared with those in Table 3, which…

③给出正面和负面的结果Giving positive/negative results

a. There was a significant positive correlation between X and Y…

b. The results, as shown in Figure 25, indicate that…

c. Post hoc analysis indicated that the two groups were…

d. There was no significant increase of X associated with…

e. No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo.

f. None of the differences measured were statistically significant.

g. Only trace amounts of X were found to be present in…

④报告有趣或令人惊讶的结果

Reporting interesting or surprising results

a. Interestingly, X was shown to have…

b. Surprisingly, there was no correlation found between X and Y.

c. The most striking observation to emerge from the data analysis was…

d. The most striking finding of this experiment was…

⑤报告访谈、调查和问卷调查的结果Reporting results from interviews, surveys, and questionnaires

a. Forty-six individuals returned the questionnaires…

b. Respondents were asked to indicate whether…

c. In response to the question “____?” 53 percent indicated that…

d. The majority of those who responded to this item said that…

e. Just under half of the participants expressed the belief that…

⑥总结和过渡到新章节Summarizing and transitioning to new sections

a. Together these results provide crucial insights into…

b. In summary, these results indicate that…

c. The results in this chapter point to…The next chapter therefore moves on to discuss…

d. Overall, these results imply that…

 四、讨论的基本要求Discussion

4.1讨论的一般性要求

结果是客观的东西，是你依据你的方法直接得到的、没有任何主观因素的数据或其它形式的结果。讨论的目的是解释你的研究的主要结果和潜在价值，带来了什么知识，有什么广泛的意义，重点解释看似矛盾的单一结果和相互矛盾的结果，分析方法偏差和不足对结果的可能影响，比较与前人结果的差异，用现有知识和理论辩护你的发现和观点，指出并评论论文的局限性和弱点。有的论文工作适合单独用一章或者一节对全部或者部分结果进行讨论，有的论文工作适合将讨论（或分析）贯穿于整个方法和结果的介绍之中。例如，一些定性研究适合将讨论与结果结合在一起。

4.2  讨论的具体要求与相关句型

Wordvice指出，这部分应包含八个方面的内容，它们分别是

①  重申研究的目的。

②  关联文献和研究目标与问题。

③  声明那些出乎意料的结果。

④  关联以前支持/破坏假设的文献。

⑤  解释结果。

⑥  建议一个一般性的假设。

⑦  讨论更广泛的含义。

⑧  建议今后的工作。

下面是针对每部分内容，Wordvice给出的英文基本句型。

①重申研究的目的Restating the aims of the study

a. This study set out to determine that X had implications on…

b. In this investigation, the goal was to assess the efficacy of…

c. This paper argued that X was important in determining Y.

d. Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.

 ②关联文献和研究目标与问题Referencing literature or research aim/question

a. As mentioned in the review of literature, there are many studies that…

b. One initial objective was to determine what kind of…

c. It was hypothesized that participants dealing with Alzheimer’s would…

d. In the review of the literature, little to no data was found to connect…

e. A strong relationship between X and Y was reported in theliterature.

③声明那些出乎意料的结果Stating unexpected outcomes

a. Surprisingly, X was found to have no additional DNA markers in the…

b. This finding was unexpected and suggests that there is…

c. Contrary to expectations, this study located no significant differences between…

d. One unanticipated finding was that X was…

④关联以前支持/破坏假设的文献

Referencing previous literature that supports/undermines hypothesis

a. These results match those mentioned in earlier studies of X….

b. This finding further supports the argument that X is…

c. These findings corroborate the ideas of Jackson and Coll (2011), who maintained that….

d. However, the findings of the current study are not consistent with previous research.

e. This result has not previously been described in similar studies.

f. These findings differ from Ronald’s 1994 estimate of X, but are broadly consistent with earlier studies.

⑤解释结果Giving an explanation for the results

a. There are several possible explanations for such a result.

b. Another possible explanation for this might be…

c. These differences can be explained in part by the colors of X and Y.

d. It seems likely that these results are in fact due to…

e. This discrepancy could be attributed to…

f. There are two likely causes for the differences between X and Y

⑥建议一个一般性的假设Suggesting a general hypothesis

a. Therefore, it is possible/probable/likely that X and Y are…

b. Hence, it could be hypothesized that…

c. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that X is an agent of…

d. The value of X suggests that a link may exist between…

⑦讨论更广泛的含义Discussing wider implications

a. These results help us to understand how X and Y are connected.

b. These results provide wider support for the hypothesis that… -One of the larger issues emerging from these findings is…

c. An implication of these findings is the potential for…

 ⑧建议今后的工作Suggesting future work

a. There is abundant space for further progress in analyzing…

b. At present, several questions remain unanswered. -A further study with more focus on X should be done to investigate…

c. Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.

 五、结论的基本要求

Conclusion

结论是论文要点汇总，有的放在讨论一节，有的是单独一节。除了上面讨论部分的“重申研究的目的”可以用作结论的第一部分，Wordvice并未给出其它英文基本句型。结论除了重申研究目的，还需要回顾方法、列出最重要的结果和讨论中的要点，可以从以上相关方法、结果和讨论中找到相关句型。