第一个观点有关高校教育质量评估；第二个观点有关促进高等教育质量提高的关键点或”筹码“。

恕时间和精力有限，仅贴出原文文献的部分内容。感兴趣的读者可深入阅读或研究。

   After the publication of Four Critical Years in 1977, Astin concluded that policy makers were guided "more by economic than by educational considerations" (p. 434). This is as true, or even more true, today. Typical is the recent University of Toronto announcement that it is cutting out some athletic programs for economic reasons. Commenting on this in the Globe and Mail, Professor Jean Smith writes:

  The excellence of a university is not measured by the books we write, the articles we publish or the research grants we garner. The test of a university is the extent to which it compels each of us to exceed our expectations.

   Astin's research supports his arguments and suggests that the quality of higher education will only improve when policy makers, especially those in government, recognize the need to pay attention to values.

   周末检索水文科学课程学习时检索到的文献，阅读比较粗糙，争取有时间再精读下。特别想读参考文献中的两本书《Four Critical Years》,《What Matters in College: Four Critical Years Revisited》。很遗憾，学校图书馆和网络上均未搜索到。先记录在此，再想办法。

参考文献

1.Book review .   http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:NcqMPbXckSAJ:ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/cjhe/article/download/183155/183130+four+critical+years&cd=16&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&gl=cn 

2. Astin A W. Four Critical Years. Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge[J]. 1977.

3. Astin A W. What matters in college[J]. 1993.