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从ACM图灵奖记录看“人工智能”

程京德

对于物理学，化学，生理学或医学这几个诺贝尔本人设置了诺贝尔奖的科学领域来说，要想了解1901年以来近代及现代诸领域的重要科学进展和成就，看一看每年的诺贝尔奖颁发给了哪些科学进展和成就了这些进展的科学家，应该可以掌握一个相当完整的概貌。当然，这是由诺贝尔奖的权威性所决定的。

对于计算机科学来说，ACM图灵奖的权威性应该是毋庸置疑的。笔者在多个场合给学生们上课时多次鼓励过学生们去看看ACM图灵奖的记录。今日，因为准备一个讲演，笔者自己调查了一下人工智能领域的ACM图灵奖记录，事实如下：

（1）从1966年到2017年，ACM图灵奖一共颁发了52次，颁发给67位计算机科学家。其中，仅有1969，1971，1975，1994，2011年5次颁发给了人工智能领域的7位计算机科学家。

（2）上述前6位获奖者都是人工智能（或知识工程）领域最早期的开创贡献者。

我们能够从上述事实中观察到什么呢？依笔者之见，这些事实至少说明：人工智能至今在整个计算机科学当中还未发展成为举足轻重的基础主干领域；和计算机科学的其它领域相比，人工智能在几十年间没有获得很多被广泛认可的科学进展；人工智能还未能从众多技艺中抽象出对本领域和相邻领域具有指导性的一般基础理论；没有基于基础理论的一般性方法论，人工智能难于将本领域的进展扩展到计算机科学的其它领域，因此也难于对其它领域产生重要影响；如果要改变现状，必须发展“基于计算的智能科学”。

附录： ACM图灵奖颁发给人工智能领域科学家的记录 (源自ACM)

MARVIN MINSKY

United States – 1969

CITATION

For his central role in creating, shaping, promoting, and advancing the field of Artificial Intelligence.

JOHN MCCARTHY

United States – 1971

CITATION

Dr. McCarthy’s lecture “The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence” is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work.

ALLEN NEWELL

United States – 1975

CITATION

In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student collegues at Carnegie-Mellon University, Newell and co-recipient Herbert A. Simon made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.

HERBERT (“HERB”) ALEXANDER SIMON

United States – 1975

CITATION

In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student collegues at Carnegie-Mellon University, Simon and co-recipient Allen Newell made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.

EDWARD A (“ED”) FEIGENBAUM

United States – 1994

CITATION

For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.

DABBALA RAJAGOPAL (“RAJ”) REDDY

United States – 1994

CITATION

For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.

JUDEA PEARL

United States – 2011

CITATION

For fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning.