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“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”究竟是谁?
舒氏液(Schulze solution)是地质古生物学实验技术分析中的一种很传统而实用的化学试剂。譬如,化石植物的角质层分析常用舒氏液进行浸解处理(maceration)。然而,“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”是谁?发明“舒氏液”的时间?文献出处如何?最近,我发现维基百科(wikipedia)关于舒氏液词条含有错误信息。本期《德国古植物学之伞》(The Umbrella of German Palaeobotany)将聚焦舒氏液(Schulze solution)及其发明人。
∮ 1 谁发明了舒氏液?
经过考证我认为:1855年德国化学家Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873) 发明了一种可以用于浸解煤岩的化学试剂。后来,该试剂被称作“舒氏液” (Schulze solution),显然是赠誉发明人--Franz Ferdinand Schulze。文献出处为:
Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855. über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulose in Braunkohle undSleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678
有的专业文献的引用常写成“Franz Schulze (1855)”,容易产生歧义。有的专业文献误认为发明人是Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840--1921)。此人是德国动物学家和解剖学家,1885年当选为德国科学院动物学科的院士(German Academy of Sciences--Leopoldina)。实际上,Franz Eilhard Schulze是化学家 Franz Ferdinand Schulze的儿子!
英文版维基百科(wikipedia)有个词条“Schultze reagent”试图简介“舒氏液”,但错误地认为发明人是德国著名解剖学家Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (1825--1874),他于1858年当选为德国科学院院士。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schultze_reagent
∮ 2 如何配制舒氏液?
舒氏液含有氯酸钾和浓硝酸,具有氧化作用。Franz Ferdinand Schulze最初用这种试剂浸解煤岩样品。1883年,德国地质古生物学家Karl Wilhelmvon Gümbel 男爵(1823--1898)对舒氏液的配制进行了调整。100多年来,科研人员根据研究材料的具体情形对舒氏液的配制不断调整。
舒氏液的常用配制方法是:一份饱和氯酸钾水溶液+两份(或三份)冷的70%浓硝酸(或发烟硝酸/纯硝酸)。
∮ 3 Brief life chronology of German chemist and inventor of Schulze Reagent--Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873)
Schulze solution is a traditional and convenient reagent for the petrological and palynological macerations as well as the cuticular analysis of fossil plants. It is German chemist Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873) who invented the oxidizing mixture in 1855, later named as Schulze solution in honor of the inventor. The correct citation of the invention is as follows:
Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855. über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulosein Braunkohle und Sleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678
Regular Schulze solution can be made using one part saturated aqueous solution of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and two to three parts of cold concentrated (70%) or fuming (pure) nitric acid (HNO3).
--1815: Franz Ferdinand Schulze was born in Naumburg, a small town in the Saxony-Anhalt state, Germany on January 15, 1815;
--Attended Boys’ school in Naumburg;
--Studied theology, philologyand natural science in Leipzig;
--1839: Married Charlotte Sydow (??) at Charlottenburg;
--1840: Son--Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840--1921) was born, later became a German zoologist and anatomist and elected to the German Academy ofSciences—Leopoldina in 1885;
--1850: [Charlotte died;]
--1850: Served as the first professor of chemistry at the University of Rostock after Hans Helmuth Friedrich von Blücher (1805--1862) (professor of chemistry and pharmacy) left;
--1852: Married Matilda Langer (??);
--1855: Invented the Schulze solution--
Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855. über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulosein Braunkohle und Sleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678
--1873: Died on April 14, 1873. [NB: Franz Eilhard Schulze moved to theUniversity of Graz shortly before his father passed away.]
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Qigao Sun (孙启高):
古植物学的故事518期[总第519期]
Story of Paleobotany Series (No.518) [The 519th issue in total]
The Epic of Palaeobotany-518
《德国古植物学之伞》Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (40)
German chemist and inventor of Schulze Solution--Franz Ferdinand Schulze(1815--1873)
“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”究竟是谁?
December 23, 2016
相关阅读:
Wrong information in the entry of Schulze reagent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schultze_reagent
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