红莓药用价值有新发现

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红莓鲜果红莓园  

   红莓又称沙窝窝、托盘、木莓、马林、插秧泡、地仙泡、刺萢、红树莓等。红莓为蔷薇科悬钩子属，半灌木藤条，其果可鲜食，酸甜可口，香味浓郁，不仅有色彩还有一般水果所没有的宜人芳香。其未熟果实经炮制即是《本草纲目》中的覆盆子中药，有壮阳补肾功效。已熟果实富含维生素及水杨酸、SOD（抗氧化物岐化酶）、鞣花酸等防病抗癌药素；红莓果实中含有“捍性药素”，作用于精子、卵子能护胎优生。

   红莓比其它水果含有的药用成分更多一些，如氨基酸、鞣花酸、水杨酸，这些药物成分对人体有抗衰老和抗癌作用，同时对保肝，保心血管，都有好处。红树莓在世界上被誉为“黄金水果”。除富含果糖、维生素、氨基酸，风味香醇，酸甜可口外，还有三大保健药用功能：

   人体可吸收的植物SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）含量居各种水果之首。经常食用，可清除人体内氧自由基，提高免疫力，美容，抗衰老；

　　红莓是癌症的克星，被誉为’红宝石’。是因为红莓中天然抗致癌物质“鞣化酸”含量超过草莓，居各类可食物之首，对结肠癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌有特殊疗效；

　　红莓果实中还含有黄酮、水杨苷、酚酸等物质，这些物质的存在使树莓果实具明显抗心血管病的功能，亦可减少心脑血管发生率。国外专家说“阿斯匹林就在树莓果实中”。这是因为阿斯匹林的有效成份就是水杨苷类物质。

　　红莓及其加工产品能较好地保持有效的活性成分，人体能很好的吸收红莓所含的有效成分。红莓是当今发现的天然鞣花酸含量最高的食物。

　　美国明尼苏达大学和南卡罗来纳医科大学贺岭斯癌症中心研究证实红莓是一种最有效的预防和治疗癌症的食品。红莓鞣花酸对结肠，宫颈、乳腺和胰脏癌细胞有特殊疗效。因为红莓中含有大量的鞣花酸，被证明是一种抗致癌物质，能抗引起突变物质和治疗癌症的一种酚类化合物。临床实验证明红莓中的鞣花酸很容易被人体吸收，还能引起癌细胞的凋亡，食用红莓是抑制某些癌症发生的最有效的一种简单的自然疗法。这种具有特殊风味的红莓小浆果将会成为未来的健康食品。

   红莓在我国有200多野生品种，分布区域极为广泛，人工栽培品种分为黑莓、红树莓两大系列品种，我们选择栽培的品种是红树莓系列，红树莓在世界上被誉为“黄金水果”。美国和欧洲某些国家2000年之前的树莓种植面积及产量见表1.2005年之前美国俄勒冈州和华盛顿州红莓种植面积、产量和售价见表2.

红莓鞣花酸(Ellagic Acid)及其作用

   鞣花酸是一种带苯环的酚类化合物(鞣花酸的形成见下图)，可有效的抵抗致癌物质和抗致有机体突变物质，低含量的鞣花酸还可减慢癌细胞的生长，高含量则可杀死癌细胞。鞣花酸还具有抗细菌和抗病毒的功能。

   鞣花酸怎样起作用？鞣花酸象清道夫一样去结合致癌物质，阻止致癌和诱导突变物质在人体内丧失活性。鞣花酸对妇女的宫颈癌有显著疗效，对防治结肠癌也有特殊疗效。鞣花酸可保护人体细胞免受多种致癌物质象香烟、食物添加剂和石油产品等物质对人体造成的为害。

   怎样食用富含鞣花酸的红莓？通过正常食物的方法预防癌症、抑制癌细胞生长和阻止遗传的易患病体质人体内癌细胞的生长。红莓经热、冰冻和浓缩加工处理后仍能保留其效用。无论是食用鲜果、冷冻，还是果汁、果卷、蜜饯、冷饮或冷饮加工产品等，红莓都可以成为非常普通的预防癌症食物。从红莓鞣花酸的食物获得鞣花酸是可行的，身体的自然消化吸收能得到有效的鞣花酸且没有副作用。人工合成的鞣花酸太粗糙不适合人体吸收，也不易控制剂量，人工合成的鞣花酸过量则有引起高血压和其它症状的副作用。已有的临床证据表明宫颈组织的鞣花酸可从食用红莓果实和加工产品获得，这些可靠证据来自树莓浓汁的生物效用研究。红莓鞣花酸能抑制癌细胞的增殖和分裂，并阻止宫颈细胞发生突变。红莓在美国乃至全世界都是人们所关心的预防癌症最有效的食品，而且是抑制癌细胞生长的鞣花酸含量最丰富的食物来源。

   红莓是癌症的克星，临床实验证明：红莓中的鞣花酸容易被人体吸收，还能引起癌细胞的凋亡。红莓是当今发现的天然鞣花酸含量最高的食物。不同来源中鞣花酸的含量见表3.

红莓食用方法

　　红莓拥有红润光泽的诱人的外表，味道浓郁，功能多样，对人体健康很有益处。红莓是全天然产品，不含人工色素、人工香料或防腐剂，富含纤维素、香味和鲜亮的色泽，而且处理方便，勿须剥皮、去核、去果心和切割。红莓是能广泛应用于各方面的配料。可以与其他多种水果和香料混合和调，四季皆宜。

　   甜味红莓干：甜味红莓干是加糖脱水的水果产品，色泽红润。以高级红莓生产，加有蔗糖，脱去约14％的水分后，再喷上薄薄的向日葵油。跟一般干果一样，甜味红莓干可以即食，同时可以代替葡萄干，作为食品、菜肴的配料。

　　甜味红莓干可以用于面包、糖果、早餐谷物和点心中。其具有良好的水活性，因此可以加到干果和坚果中作为甜品的顶端配料或增值配料。为迎合消费者的要求，生产商希望采用不含蔗糖的甜味红莓干，而加有浓缩苹果汁或葡萄汁的红莓干，正好适合这个需要。

　　调味果片：以甜味红莓干制成的调味果片，是合乎经济效益的功能性水果配料，也是结合可天然香料和甜味的红莓产品，可带有树莓、橘子和桃子等香味，调味果片是焙烤产品、早餐谷物、点心和乳品的美味舔加配料。一般而言，水果在加工过程中会失去原有风味。色泽也会减退，质地改变；至于水果替代品则会因加工而影响产品的吸引力。相反，调味果片的大小和味道，可以按照加工过程特别的需要制定生产，而且不会因加工过程而流失风味特性，故调味果片是食品加工的经济选择。

新鲜红莓的成分组成（每100g鲜果中的含量见表4）

红莓药用价值新发现

所有研究抗癌特性的实验来自很多美国实验者通过食用红莓或其产品而起到医学治疗的作用。每天饮用一杯（150 g）红莓能够减慢人体不正常结肠细胞的生长，可预防人乳头瘤细胞发展为宫颈癌，防止致癌物质在人体内起作用，还能降低人体白血病细胞的浓度。

据MedicalXpress网站2016年4月4日报道，有6项新研究结果表明,红莓具有潜在的抗炎作用。在美国圣地亚哥举行的2016年实验生物学会议上，介绍了一系列关于红莓的新研究。六个动物模型研究初步结果表明，红莓消费对于减少心血管疾病风险,维持正常的血糖水平和肝脏功能，以及潜在的抗炎作用、骨骼健康等都有影响。更多信息请浏览：

Six new studies point to red raspberry's potential anti-inflammatory properties

Explore further: Controlling inflammation to reducechronic disease risk

More information: Kirakosvan, A., et al. Cardioprotective Effects of Red Raspberries in Obesity-prone Rats. The FASEB Journal, April 2016,vol. 30, no. 1

Abstract

The intake of red raspberry fruit is inversely related to cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular disease. In this study, the effect of red raspberry intake was assessed in obesity-prone, Zucker Fatty rats as a model of cardiometabolic risk. For 8 weeks, rats were fed a higher-fat diet (45% of kcal) containing 2% (wt/wt) freeze-dried whole raspberry powder (RSP) or added sugars (CON) to match macronutrient and calorie content. RSP reduced fasting triglycerides and fasting glucose but did not appear to affect fasting insulin, fasting low-density lipoprotein, or body weight gain. RSP trended but did not significantly reduce systolic blood pressure, but did significantly reduce heart rate relative to time-matched CON rats. Noteworthy, compared to CON, RSP significantly reduced left ventricular (LV) enlargement and wall thickening as measured by echocardiography, without impacting ejection fraction. LV remodeling is a known risk factor for and precursor to heart failure. Ongoing studies of LV tissue will reveal molecular changes related to inflammation and fibrosis. Red raspberries could be an excellent candidate for dietary management cardiometabolic risk, including risk for Type-2 diabetes. Also, intake of red raspberries could reduce eventual pathologies like heart failure, which in the US, is the leading diagnosis over the age of 65.

Shay, N.F., et al. Intakeof Whole Raspberries and the Raspberry Phytochemicals, Ellagic Acid andRaspberry Ketone Reduces Adiposity, Improves Glucose Control and Changes Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles in High-fat Fed Mice. The FASEB Journal, April 2016,vol. 30 no. 1

Abstract

The commonly-available red raspberry, Rubus strigosis, is a relatively understudied nutrient-dense fruit with both high phytochemical and fiber content. We tested the hypothesis that intake of whole raspberry food products and/or raspberry phytochemicals would remediate metabolic problems in C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet modeling the obesigenic Western diet (HF).

Groups of mice (n=8) were provided either low-fat diet (LF, 10% kcal fat), high-fat diet (HF, 45% kcal fat), HF plus Raspberry Juice Concentrate (HF+RJC), HF plus Raspberry Puree Concentrate (HF+RPC), HF plus Raspberry Freeze-Dried Powder (HF+RFP), HF plus Ellagic Acid (HF+EA), HF plus Raspberry Ketone (HF+RK), or HF plus a combination of EA and RK (HF+E+R) for 10 weeks. Fruit products were provided at 10% of total energy and phytochemicals at ~ 0.2% (w/w) of diet. Animals were fed experimental diets ad libitum; body weight and food intake was recorded weekly. In week nine, a glucose tolerance test was conducted; after ten weeks, animals were killed, serum collected, and liver tissue saved for RNA isolation and gene expression analysis. Glucose tolerance testing indicated that Area Under the Curve (AUC) was generally improved with raspberry supplements vs. HF diet consumption; intake of RFP and E+R produced AUCs essentially equivalent to LF-fed mice.

Weight gain was ameliorated in several groups compared to HF-fed mice. Intake of HF+RJC, HF+RPC, and HF+E+R significantly reduced weight gain during the study. Food efficiency generally paralleled weight gain.

Finally, a custom gene array was used to evaluate the expression of 87 different genes related to various aspects of metabolism, membrane transport, inflammation, and gene transcription factors. The effects of RJC, RPC, EA, or RK intake were evaluated with this focused array system (Qiagen) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (Qiagen). Intake of raspberry foods and pure phytochemicals exerted positive effects on gene expression in the liver. Analysis of relative mRNA levels revealed that these foods and phytochemicals differentially regulated gene expression in multiple cellular pathways associated with the lipid, carbohydrate, and xenobiotic metabolism, antioxidant effect, and inflammation. The HF+RK diet differentially regulated 30 genes, the HF+EA diet 21 genes, the HF+RJC diet 31 genes, and the HF+RPC diet 33 genes, compared with HF diet (P < 0.01–0.1). Interestingly, the consumption of these raspberry products altered the relative mRNA levels so that the pattern of expression more closely resembled that of the mice fed a LF diet rather than the HF-fed mice. We conclude that although many biological mechanisms may be responsible, clearly, hepatic gene expression is being altered in a favorable manner with the consumption of raspberries and raspberry phytochemicals. Our results allow for the identification of candidate mechanisms by which raspberry phytochemicals may act in metabolic syndrome.

Zhu, M.J., et al. Dietary raspberries ameliorate metabolic syndromes in diet-induced obese mice. The FASEB Journal, April 2016vol. 30 no. 1  

Abstract

Noratto, G., et al. Effectsof Raspberry Dietary Supplementation on Risk Biomarkers of Diabetes Related Complications and Heart Disease in Diabetic Mice. The FASEB Journal, April 2016,vol. 30 no. 1

Abstract

We investigated the effects of raspberry consumption on diabetes-related complications and heart disease in obese diabetic mice. Mice (4–5 wk old) were fed either AIN-93G (control) or AIN-93G supplemented with freeze-dried raspberries (9.75%) (isocaloric) for 8 wk. At the end of the study, blood and heart tissues were collected and analyzed using standard analytical protocols.

Raspberry intake, at dose equivalent to 208 g freeze dried raspberry/day for a 60-kg human adult; protected against appetite loss, weight loss and cachexia observed in the control group. However, levels of lipid peroxidation, pro-atherogenic molecules, and endotoxins in plasma were similar between groups. Plasma adipokine resistin, a hormone signaling molecule correlated with hyperinsulinemia/hyperglycemia, was higher in raspberry group (1777 vs 1165 ρg/mL, p < 0.05). Controversially, no differences were found in plasma insulin concentrations; whereas fasting glucose tended (p = 0.08) to be lower in the raspberry group (688 vs 759 mg/dL). This suggests that higher concentrations of plasma resistin in the raspberry group is correlated with higher body weight and is consistent with its delayed cachexia. Heart tissue disease biomarkers leptin, resistin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and oxidized lipids were similar between experimental groups. However; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) tended to be lower in the raspberry compared to the control group (1124 vs 1234 ρg/mg protein) (p > 0.05). PAI-1 has been linked to decreased oxidative stress and interleukin-6 in blood.

These findings demonstrate that raspberry consumption helps to decrease cachexia and may decrease cardiac fibrosis in diabetes at an advanced age. Future studies are needed to prove the clinical relevance of raspberry consumption.

Sasaki, G., et al., Ellagic Acid and Quercetin are High-Affinity Ligands of Human PeroxisomeProliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha in an In-Vitro Competitive Binding Assay. The FASEB Journal, April 2016,vol. 30 no. 1 

Abstract

Thomas, A., et al. Inhibitory Effects of Red Raspberry Polyphenols on Osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-Stimulated RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages. The FASEB Journal, April 2016, vol. 30 no. 1

Abstract

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts regulate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Osteoclasts, the cells associated with breakdown of bone, are stimulated by a cytokine known as RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. Polyphenols such as flavonoids found in plant-derived foods have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues. Red raspberries are a rich source of such polyphenolic compounds. Using mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), we examined whether red raspberry polyphenols (RRP) could inhibit the proliferation and activity of RANKL-induced osteoclastic cells in a dose-dependent manner. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and staining of TRAP positive multinucleated osteoclasts, used as indicators of osteoclast differentiation and activity, decreased in a dose dependent manner with RRP treatment. Although, nitrite concentrations were not influenced by RRP treatment, there was a reduction in interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 with RPP demonstrating its anti-inflammatory role in bone cells. Western blot analyses showed a dose-dependent reduction in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) by RRP indicating that the polyphenols act to retrain the RANKL mediated osteoclastogenesis. Overall, these findings suggest that the polyphenols associated with red raspberry would inhibit the negative effects of osteoclasts on bone health. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which RRP affect osteoclastogenesis.

需要说明：

虽然仅有非常初步的证据支持鞣花酸对人体的益处，但鞣花酸已被作为一种防癌，防心脏病及其他疾病的保健品进行销售。所以美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已将其确定为“消费者应该规避的假癌症药物”^[10] 。许多美国保健品销售商已收到美国食品药品监督管理局的警告信，称推广鞣花酸违反《联邦食品、药品及化妆品法》（Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act）^[11][12]。FDA的提示其为了维护消费者的合法权利，并不意味着是对鞣花酸防癌，防心脏病及其他疾病研究结果的否定。自然界有许多药食同源的材料，食用天然产物，要比使用某种活性成分的补充剂可能更为安全些。