科学家发现了链接前列腺癌的新基因

诸平

据《科学日报》（ScienceDaily）2014年9月17日报道，李·莫菲特癌症中心和研究所(H.Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute) 的研究人员，包括该中心主任托马斯·塞勒斯博士(Thomas A.Sellers)、帕克永（Jong Park）博士、林惠仪（Hui-Yi Lin音译）博士等合作者共计超过160人，研究发现了影响患前列腺癌发展风险的基因组中的23个新区域,该研究成果9月14日在《自然遗传学》（Nature Genetics）杂志发表——Ali Amin Al Olama, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Sonja I Berndt, David V Conti, Fredrick Schumacher, Ying Han, Sara Benlloch, Dennis J Hazelett, Zhaoming Wang, Ed Saunders, Daniel Leongamornlert, Sara Lindstrom, Sara Jugurnauth-Little, Tokhir Dadaev, Malgorzata Tymrakiewicz, Daniel O Stram, Kristin Rand, Peggy Wan, Alex Stram, Xin Sheng, Loreall C Pooler, Karen Park, Lucy Xia, Jonathan Tyrer, Laurence N Kolonel, Loic Le Marchand, Robert N Hoover, Mitchell J Machiela, Merideth Yeager, Laurie Burdette, Charles C Chung, Amy Hutchinson, Kai Yu, Chee Goh, Mahbubl Ahmed, Koveela Govindasami, Michelle Guy, Teuvo L J Tammela, Anssi Auvinen, Tiina Wahlfors, Johanna Schleutker, Tapio Visakorpi, Katri A Leinonen, Jianfeng Xu, Markus Aly, Jenny Donovan, Ruth C Travis, Tim J Key, Afshan Siddiq, Federico Canzian, Kay-Tee Khaw, Atsushi Takahashi, Michiaki Kubo, Paul Pharoah, Nora Pashayan, Maren Weischer, Borge G Nordestgaard, Sune F Nielsen, Peter Klarskov, Martin Andreas Røder, Peter Iversen, Stephen N Thibodeau, Shannon K McDonnell, Daniel J Schaid, Janet L Stanford, Suzanne Kolb, Sarah Holt, Beatrice Knudsen, Antonio Hurtado Coll, Susan M Gapstur, W Ryan Diver, Victoria L Stevens, Christiane Maier, Manuel Luedeke, Kathleen Herkommer, Antje E Rinckleb, Sara SStrom, Curtis Pettaway, Edward D Yeboah, Yao Tettey, Richard B Biritwum, AndrewA Adjei, Evelyn Tay, Ann Truelove, Shelley Niwa, Anand P Chokkalingam, Lisa Cannon-Albright, Cezary Cybulski, Dominika Wokołorczyk, Wojciech Kluźniak, Jong Park, Thomas Sellers, Hui-Yi Lin, William B Isaacs, Alan W Partin, Hermann Brenner, Aida Karina Dieffenbach, Christa Stegmaier, Constance Chen, Edward L Giovannucci, Jing Ma, Meir Stampfer, Kathryn L Penney, Lorelei Mucci, Esther MJohn, Sue A Ingles, Rick A Kittles, Adam B Murphy, Hardev Pandha, Agnieszka Michael, Andrzej M Kierzek, William Blot, Lisa B Signorello, Wei Zheng, Demetrius Albanes, Jarmo Virtamo, Stephanie Weinstein, Barbara Nemesure, John Carpten, Cristina Leske, Suh-Yuh Wu, Anselm Hennis, Adam S Kibel, Benjamin ARybicki, Christine Neslund-Dudas, Ann W Hsing, Lisa Chu, Phyllis J Goodman, Eric A Klein, S Lilly Zheng, Jyotsna Batra, Judith Clements, Amanda Spurdle, Manuel R Teixeira, Paula Paulo, Sofia Maia, Chavdar Slavov, Radka Kaneva, Vanio Mitev, John S Witte, Graham Casey, Elizabeth M Gillanders, Daniella Seminara, Elio Riboli, Freddie C Hamdy, Gerhard A Coetzee, Qiyuan Li, Matthew L Freedman, David J Hunter, Kenneth Muir, Henrik Gronberg, David E Neal, Melissa Southey, Graham G Giles, Gianluca Severi, Michael B Cook, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Fredrik Wiklund, Peter Kraft, Stephen J Chanock, Brian E Henderson, Douglas F Easton, Rosalind A Eeles, Christopher A Haiman. A meta-analysis of 87,040 individuals identifies 23 new susceptibilityloci for prostate cancer. Nature Genetics, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/ng.3094

    前列腺癌是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤。2004年WHO《泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌（腺泡腺癌）、导管腺癌、尿路上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌。其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上，因此，通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌。2012年我国肿瘤登记地区前列腺癌发病率为9.92/10万，列男性恶性肿瘤发病率的第6位。发病年龄在55岁前处于较低水平，55岁后逐渐升高，发病率随着年龄的增长而增长，高峰年龄是70～80岁。家族遗传型前列腺癌患者发病年龄稍早，年龄≤55岁的患者占43%。前列腺癌的发生与遗传因素有关，如果家族中无患前列腺癌者的相对危险度为1，绝对危险度为8；则遗传型前列腺癌家族成员患前列腺癌的相对危险度为5，绝对危险度为35～45。此外，前列腺癌的发病与性活动、饮食习惯有关。性活动较多者患前列腺癌的风险增加。高脂肪饮食与发病也有一定关系。前列腺癌的发病与种族、地区、宗教信仰也可能有关。前列腺癌是美国男性最常见的非皮癌症（non-skin cancer）,大约每6名男士中就有一名在其有生之年被诊断为患有前列腺癌。如果家族中有近亲男士曾经是前列腺癌患者，这种具有家族史的男性患癌风险更高。与没有前列腺癌家族史的男士相比较，具有家族史男士的患癌风险会高出一倍多。此项研究使前列腺癌相关的遗传变异数量达到100。通过检验这些变体可以识别男性患前列腺癌疾病的风险要比普通的检验方法高出近6倍。帕克永（JongPark）博士说：“这项研究给我们提供了一个更完整的增加男性患前列腺癌风险的遗传因素列表。现在的目标是如何利用这种信息，用其来开发一种除了目前使用的前列腺癌筛选方法之外的可靠的检测方法。”更多信息请浏览原文。

Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in American men. About 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with the disease in his lifetime. Family history is the strongest risk factor. A man with one close relative, a brother or father with prostate cancer is twice as likely to develop the disease as a man with no family history of prostate cancer.

This study brings the number of genetic variants linked to prostate cancer to 100. Testing for those variants can identify men with a risk of the disease that is almost six times higher than average.

"This study gives us a more complete list of genetic factors that increase a man's prostate cancer risk. The goal is to now take this information and use it to develop a reliable test that can be used in addition to current screening methods," said Park.