黑猩猩性攻击与人类性行为

Male Sexual Aggression: What Chimps Can Reveal About People

常炯编译

Male chimpanzees that wage a campaign of sustained aggression against females sire more offspring than their less violent counterparts, new research finds.

研究发现，雄性黑猩猩对雌性持续性攻击越多，比温驯的同类繁衍后代越多。  

The results suggest that such nasty behavior from males evolved because it gave the meanest males a reproductive advantage, said study co-authorIan Gilby, a primatologist at Arizona State University in Phoenix.

位于美国菲尼克斯的亚利桑那州立大学灵长类动物学家、论文作者之一伊恩·吉尔比（Ian Gilby,）认为，强暴的雄性黑猩猩因得到生殖机会，助长了他卑劣行为。  

This chimpanzee behavior could also provide some insight into the roots of sexual aggression in men.

从黑猩猩行为也可窥探到人类社会男人出现性强暴的某些原因。 

"It is possible that in our early ancestors there may have been an adaptive value to male aggression against females," Gilbysaid. [Understanding the 10 Most Destructive Human Behaviors]

吉尔比说：“我们祖先也许存在类似的男子性侵女人的自适应价值观。”

Sex, chimpanzee style

黑猩猩的性暴力 

The battle of the sexes is supercharged in the chimpanzee world. Males charge at females, rip out their hair and kick, slap or beat them. Males often kill the babies of rivals to increase the availability of females to mate again. 

在黑猩猩世界，雄雌之间为强夺性伙伴而引起的战斗十分剧烈。雄性攻击雌性，揪住其头发用脚踢、用手打，还有时为强夺性伙伴而杀死对手婴儿。

"Male chimpanzees can be really horrible to females," ilbGy told Live Science. 

吉尔比告诉“生活科学（Live Science）”记者说：“雄性黑猩猩对雌性采取的手段十分残忍。” 

To deal with this behavior, female chimpanzees play a delicate balancing act. They mate with almost all the males in a troop to create uncertainty as to who's the father of the offspring. At the same time, females want to mate with the highest-quality males when they are at their most fertile, upping the chances of producing fit offspring, Gilby said. 

雌性黑猩猩对付雄性的残暴行为，采取了一种巧妙的力量平衡术，雌性几乎在全部雄性群体中结成伴侣，形成难以找到谁小猩猩的父亲。吉尔比补充说，同时，雌性黑猩猩也希望寻找强壮的性伴侣，特别是那些性欲旺盛期的雌性，期待生育的后代有健康体魄。

Sustained aggression

持续攻击

From an evolutionary perspective, coercive sex in the animal kingdom may be advantageous because it allows otherwise undesirable males some chance of passing on their genes.

从进化论角度来看，动物世界的性强暴行为有它有益一面，它给无望的雄性动物有延续基因的机会。 

But sexual aggression in male chimpanzees isn't directly parallel to rape, because it typically takes place at times distant from copulation. Female chimps also mate with multiple males anyway, Gilby said..

吉尔比认为，雄性黑猩猩的性攻击与通常的强奸不能相提并论，它一般发生在性交前一段时间。雌性黑猩猩也与多个雄性结成性伙伴。

To understand the roots of this behavior, Gilby and his colleagues recorded instances of male-on-female violence in a troop of chimpanzees living inGombe Stream National Parkin Tanzania The researchers studied violence that occurred both when the females were sexually receptive, or swollen  and when they were not. The team then compared that information with paternity tests on all the offspring born since 1995. 

为理解这种行为的起因，吉尔比和他的同事在坦桑尼亚调查记录了冈贝河国家公园（Gombe Stream National Park）黑猩猩部落中雄性对雌性的暴力行为。研究表明，性暴力既有发生在雌性自愿接受即性亢奋时刻，也有发生在非自愿的被迫状态。研究团队对1995年生出的所有新一代黑猩猩进行了父子关系测试，分析比较了相关数据。

Chimps have a strict male dominance hierarchy, and more-dominant males generally engage in a greater amount of gendered aggression. But even when taking this into account, the team found that aggression increased a male's chances of siring offspring — regardless of whether the chimp was more or less dominant.

雄性黑猩猩有严格的优势等级差异，有权势的一般可侵占多名雌性。即使考虑到这种因素，研究团队发现，雄性对雌性的性攻击增加了后代繁殖机会－无论雄性权势地位如何。The sustained intimidation in which chimps engage, which has some parallels to human behaviors such as stalking or domestic violence, is a form of mate guarding. The behavior may make female chimps less likely to sneak off with a partner of her choosing during her most fertile times, Gilby said.

吉尔比指出，黑猩猩持续性攻击与人类鞭打女性的家庭暴力行径相类似，是稳住对方自我保护的一种形式。雄性黑猩猩的暴力行为，迫使雌性几乎不可能与自己钟爱的伙伴鬼鬼祟祟混在一起，即使在她发情期间。

Human behaviors?

人类性行为？

Though the findings are in chimpanzees, they lend credence to the notion that male sexual aggression in humans may have some genetic or evolutionary basis, Gilby said. 

吉尔比指出，这项研究虽针对黑猩猩的，但对人类也有某些启示作用，人类男性对女性的攻击也是人类遗传或进化论的基础。

 On the other hand, drawing parallels can be perilous. Humans diverged from chimpanzees at least 7 million years ago, and the human mating system looks very different from chimps' violent, multi-male, multi-female system. Humans form pair bonds and have varied and complex mating strategies and behaviors. And most men aren't brutes to their partners.

不过，这样推导的结论是危险的。人类至少早在700万年前就与猩猩不同，人类配偶方式完全不同于黑猩猩的暴力和雄雌多个性伴制度。人类成对结成伴侣，存在多种复杂的选配策略和方法，绝大多数男性并不虐待女性伴侣，而是温顺体贴。

"We definitely don't mean to say this excuses or fully explains violence in this way in humans," Gilby said.

吉尔比说：“我们研究绝对无意替人类存在的暴力行为寻找借口，推卸责任。” 

The study's findings may provide fodder for a long-standing debate in evolutionary biology about whether rape and sexual aggression are evolutionarily advantageous in humans, said William McKibbin, an evolutionary psychologist at theUniversity of Michigan–Flint, who was not involved in the study. No studies in humans have ever shown that rape increases reproductive success, he added. 

强奸和性暴力对人类进化是否有益，在进化生物学中争论已久，该研究可提供了另一视角。但美国密歇根–弗林特大学（University of Michigan–Flint）未参与该课题研究的进化心理学家威廉·麦基宾（William McKibbin）认为，人类研究文献中从未证实强奸有助于繁衍后代。 

But even if such behaviors have evolutionary roots, "this is not to say that sexual coercion or rape is natural and therefore good, or that because it's in our genes, there's nothing we can do about it. Far from it," McKibbin told Live Science. "If we can understand the biological underpinnings of abhorrent, behaviors like this, we will be better able as a society to decrease the frequency of these horrible behaviors." 

即使这种行为有推进社会进化的特性，麦基宾对“生活科学”记者说：“不能说，性胁迫和强奸是正常行为，是无罪的，是基因本能驱使。我们如果从生物学理论观点去理解，就可更好减少和避免社会上发生这种可鄙的性暴力行为。” 

The findings were published today (Nov. 13) in the journal Current Biology.

该论文发表在今年11月13日的“近代生物学杂志（journal Current Biology）”上。

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