人体消化系统包含大约几百到几千种不同的细菌种类，其丰度构成因人而异。

其中少数益生菌乳杆菌属，即嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、乳酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌特异性产生细胞外蛋白、胞外多糖、细菌素和脂磷壁酸，通过与上皮细胞相互作用影响宿主的健康和生理，增强宿主免疫系统。

在乳杆菌菌种中，植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）是革兰氏阳性、短杆状、微需氧、耐酸、不形成孢子、不呼吸、低 G + C 含量、异型发酵的乳杆菌群，具有一系列作为发酵剂和防腐剂在食品工业中的应用。

它是一种非孢子形成细菌，可产生有机酸，例如乙酸、琥珀酸和乳酸作为主要代谢物。植物乳杆菌在人类和其他哺乳动物的胃和其他复杂的胆汁盐分泌物中的低缓冲能力下生长。

除了在食品工业中的应用外，肠道微生物植物乳杆菌是一种很有前途的益生菌，可治疗腹泻、高胆固醇和特应性皮炎等。它是如何工作的，它还有哪些其他好处？本文带您了解更多。

什么是植物乳杆菌？

植物乳杆菌是一种分布广泛、用途广泛的乳酸菌。它代表了许多食物和饲料的微生物群的一部分，包括乳制品、肉类、鱼类、蔬菜发酵产品（例如，葡萄汁、酸菜、泡菜、酸面团）和青贮饲料；它也是人和动物粘膜（口腔、胃肠道、阴道等）的天然居民。

植物乳杆菌是一种具有抗癌、抗炎、抗肥胖和抗糖尿病特性的抗氧化剂 [ 1 ] .

植物乳杆菌菌株的微观形态图像

DOI：10.1099/ijs.0.65319-0

植物乳杆菌耐受不同范围的盐，尤其是 NaCl 和胆汁盐，pH 值为 4.0-8.0，温度为 28-45°C，并且分别在 37°C 和 pH 7.0 的温度下具有最佳细胞生长。鉴定出的菌株在上消化道中经受了各种生物障碍，例如低 pH 值、裂解酶和胆汁盐。能够利用广泛的糖类，尤其单糖和双糖。此外，淀粉酶和蛋白酶等细胞外酶的产生对其有利。

营养价值

B族维生素

从生牛奶中分离出的植物乳杆菌能够产生 B 族维生素核黄素( B2 ) 和叶酸(B9 ) [ 2 ].

铁吸收

植物乳杆菌可使健康女性从果汁饮料中吸收的铁增加约 50% [ 3 ].

植物乳杆菌可以使女性对燕麦中铁的吸收提高 100% 以上 [ 4 ].

钙吸收

含有植物乳杆菌的发酵乳表现出更高的钙保留摄取 [ 5 ].

植物乳杆菌的健康益处

植物乳杆菌是体内的短暂居民。它可以轻松抵御胃酸，并可以完成从补充品进入口腔，到肠道，到结肠，到粪便的完整旅程。植物乳杆菌生长的最佳温度非常接近体温。

植物乳杆菌也是一种强大益生菌，可猛烈攻击体内的致病性有害细菌。通过杀死坏菌，它帮助我们自己的本地细菌变得更强壮，并帮助我们人体更能抵抗外来病原体的入侵。

除了作为增强免疫系统的重要方式之外，人类在所有有记录的人类历史中都食用了大量的植物乳杆菌。

该菌株用于许多食品中，例如：

酵母面包；酸菜；泡菜；发酵食物

注意

植物乳杆菌益生菌补充剂尚未获得国家药监局和FDA的医疗用途批准，可能缺乏可靠的临床研究。为防止罕见的副作用，请在使用益生菌之前咨询权威的医疗建议。

可能有效

1) 腹泻

乳酸菌益生菌在改善与各种疾病相关的腹泻方面表现出很大的希望，包括旅行者腹泻和抗生素相关性腹泻 [ 6、7 ] .

在一项针对 438 名患有抗生素相关性腹泻的儿童的临床试验中，植物乳杆菌益生菌减少了稀便或水样便和腹痛的发生率，而且没有产生不良副作用 [ 7 ].

2) 皮肤健康

在临床试验中，植物乳杆菌显着增加了面部和手部的皮肤水分含量。益生菌组志愿者在第 12 周时皱纹深度明显减少，皮肤光泽度在第 12 周时也有显着改善。益生菌组的皮肤弹性在4 周后改善了 13.17%，在 12 周后改善了 21.73% [ 8 ] .

当作为益生菌服用时，植物乳杆菌改善皮肤水合作用，对人体皮肤具有抗光老化作用[ 9、10 ] .

植物乳杆菌抑制胶原蛋白的降解并促进其合成，减少活性氧 ( ROS ) 的产生 [ 11 ] .

在无毛小鼠中，植物乳杆菌降低了 UVB 诱导的表皮厚度，抑制了水分流失并增加了神经酰胺水平 [ 12 , 13 ] .

特应性皮炎

每天摄入含有热灭活植物乳杆菌的柑橘汁可减轻人类特应性皮炎的症状[ 14 ] .

从泡菜中分离出的植物乳杆菌改善小鼠特应性皮炎[ 15 ] .

3) 溃疡性结肠炎

在多项临床试验中，乳酸菌益生菌已显示出减轻溃疡性结肠炎症状的希望。含有植物乳杆菌的合生元混合物在8周后显着改善了 73 名患者的 UC 症状 [ 16、17 ] .

4) 胆固醇

在许多临床试验中，乳酸菌益生菌降低了胆固醇。在一项针对 60 名高胆固醇志愿者的研究中，含有植物乳杆菌的益生菌在 12 周后将总胆固醇降低了 13.6% [ 18 ] .

在患有糖尿病的大鼠中，植物乳杆菌降低血液甘油三酯和“坏”低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的比率，同时增加“好”高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平 [ 19 ] .

摄入植物乳杆菌后，胆固醇升高的小鼠的总血清胆固醇和甘油三酯显着降低 [ 20 ] .

双涂层植物乳杆菌可降低高脂肪饮食小鼠的胆固醇水平 [ 21 ] .

证据不足

研究人员目前正在调查植物乳杆菌是否具有其他健康益处。本节中的潜在益处至少在一项临床试验中产生了积极的结果，但这些研究规模小、相互矛盾或存在其他局限性。出于任何原因补充植物乳杆菌之前，请谨慎。

5) 肥胖

辅以含有植物乳杆菌的富含益生菌的奶酪的低热量饮食降低了患有肥胖症和高血压的俄罗斯成年人的 BMI 和血压[ 22 ].

植物乳杆菌还保护小鼠免受饮食引起的肥胖。这种细菌可降低肥胖小鼠的体重、脂肪量、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素、瘦素水平和促炎标志物 [ 23、24、25 ] .

植物乳杆菌发酵大麦逆转了高脂肪饮食大鼠的葡萄糖耐受不良，改善了升高的胰岛素，降低了甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平 [ 26 ].

植物乳杆菌通过诱导丙氨酸氨基转移酶( ALT )、γ-谷氨酰转移酶 ( GGT )、血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇浓度、肌酐、尿素和体重的降低，来改善肥胖大鼠的肝功能和泌尿功能 [ 27 ].

6) 血糖

植物乳杆菌降低了绝经后妇女的血糖水平[ 22 ].

含有植物乳杆菌的豆浆具有抗氧化特性，可减少 2 型糖尿病患者的 DNA 损伤[ 22 ].

植物乳杆菌降低小鼠的食物摄入量、血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白水平和瘦素水平。这种细菌还有利于调节胰岛素水平并增加“好”(HDL) 胆固醇 [ 28 ].

植物乳杆菌导致高脂肪饮食小鼠对胰岛素的血糖水平显着降低 [ 29 ].

用植物乳杆菌治疗可有效调节糖尿病大鼠的血糖、激素和脂质代谢 [ 30 ].

植物乳杆菌显着改善糖尿病大鼠的免疫学参数并保护胰腺组织。此外，这种益生菌治疗显着降低了胰腺和血浆脂肪酶活性以及血清甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇率，并增加了高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。它还对肝肾功能发挥有效的保护作用 [ 19 ] .

7) 伤口愈合

在一项针对 34 名腿部溃疡患者的小型临床研究中，局部应用植物乳杆菌减少了糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的感染性慢性静脉溃疡伤口细菌负荷、中性粒细胞、凋亡和坏死细胞，并诱导伤口愈合[ 31 ].

8) 牙齿健康

热灭活的植物乳杆菌减少了接受牙周支持治疗的患者的牙周袋深度 [ 32 ].

9) 免疫力

在一项对 171 名成年人进行的临床研究中，植物乳杆菌提高了免疫活性并降低了应激标记物 [ 33 ].

即使是热灭活的植物乳杆菌也会激活人类的先天性和获得性免疫力 [ 32 ].

植物乳杆菌增强免疫抑制小鼠小肠的免疫力[ 34 ].

抗病毒

在感染单纯疱疹病毒 1 型 (HSV-1) 的小鼠中，口服植物乳杆菌显着延缓了感染早期皮肤损伤的发展，并减少了大脑中的病毒数量 [ 35 ].

同样在小鼠中，从发酵的韩国卷心菜中分离出的植物乳杆菌赋予了 100% 的保护作用，防止致命的甲型流感病毒感染，防止显着的体重减轻并降低肺部病毒载量 [ 36 ].

10) 过敏

在一项针对 42 名成年人的临床研究中，植物乳杆菌发酵的柑橘汁改善了日本柳杉花粉症的症状[ 37 ].

在一项细胞研究中，植物乳杆菌降低了大豆粉的过敏性 [ 38 ].

口服植物乳杆菌可减轻小鼠的气道高反应性和过敏反应 [ 39 ].

11) 念珠菌病

在外阴阴道念珠菌病 (VVC) 患者中，植物乳杆菌减少了常规治疗后的阴道不适，并改善了阴道细菌含量和阴道 pH 值 [ 40 ].

在一项临床试验中，使用植物乳杆菌可使外阴阴道念珠菌病复发风险降低三倍 [ 41 ].

植物乳杆菌还在实验室中杀死念珠菌 [ 42 ].

动物和细胞研究（缺乏证据）

没有临床证据支持将植物乳杆菌用于本节所列的任何病症。以下是对现有动物和细胞研究的总结，应指导进一步的研究工作。但是，不应将下列研究解释为支持任何健康益处。

12) 排毒

植物乳杆菌在实验室中减轻镉 (Cd) 在人类肠道细胞和小鼠中诱导的细胞毒性[ 43、44 ].

植物乳杆菌通过减少肠道铝吸收和组织积累，改善肝损伤、肾脏和大脑氧化应激，从而防止小鼠受到铝中毒[ 45 ].

用植物乳杆菌处理可通过增加铜排泄和减少铜在组织中的积累来减轻铜毒性。植物乳杆菌还逆转了铜暴露引起的氧化应激，恢复了 ALT 和AST血液水平并改善了小鼠的空间记忆 [ 46 ].

13) 血管性痴呆

植物乳杆菌发酵豆浆提取物可作为降血压剂和神经保护剂，改善血管性痴呆大鼠的学习和记忆 [ 47 ].

14) 焦虑

长期摄入植物乳杆菌可增加运动活性、多巴胺和血清素水平，同时减少小鼠的焦虑样行为。它还减少了抑郁样行为和炎性细胞因子水平，并增加了遭受早期生活压力的小鼠血清中的抗炎细胞因子水平[ 48、49 ].

15) 心血管健康

血压

植物乳杆菌发酵豆浆提取物可作为大鼠的降血压剂 [ 47 ].

同样在大鼠中，用植物乳杆菌发酵的蓝莓降低了血压并改善了可能指示心血管疾病风险的标志物 [ 50 ].

动脉粥样硬化

来自植物乳杆菌的脂磷壁酸 (LTA)可抑制小鼠促炎细胞因子的产生，并抑制动脉粥样硬化斑块炎症 [ 51 ].

16) 炎症

植物乳杆菌显着降低小鼠和大鼠促炎细胞因子的产生 [ 52 , 53 ]. 它还减轻了氧化应激和肾上腺素水平 [ 52 ].

17) 肝脏健康

用植物乳杆菌治疗大鼠阻塞性黄疸可恢复活跃的肝屏障功能 [ 54 ].

植物乳杆菌可保护小鼠免受氧化应激和肝脏炎症损伤 [ 55 ].

植物乳杆菌减轻了高脂血症小鼠的肝损伤[ 56 ].

补充植物乳杆菌 5 周可恢复患有非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 大鼠的肝功能，并降低肝脏中的脂肪堆积水平。此外，该细菌显着减少了促炎细胞因子 [ 53 ].

18) 肠道健康

植物乳杆菌减少肠上皮细胞的炎症 [ 57 ].

摄入植物乳杆菌可以抵消肠道中不需要的细菌 [ 3 ].

植物乳杆菌增强了洛哌丁胺诱导的便秘小鼠的胃肠道转运[ 58 ].

溃疡

口服植物乳杆菌可通过抗炎和免疫调节活性改善小鼠的溃疡性结肠炎 [ 59 ].

肠易激综合症

植物乳杆菌可减少肠易激综合征患者的胀气问题和疼痛 [ 60 ].

幽门螺杆菌感染

植物乳杆菌可预防小鼠幽门螺杆菌感染引起的胃粘膜炎症和胃微生物群改变[ 61 ].

植物乳杆菌延缓幽门螺杆菌在大鼠胃中的定植，减轻胃炎症并改善胃组织病理学 [ 62 ].

19) 婴儿成长

植物乳杆菌菌株在慢性营养不良期间维持幼鼠的生长 [ 63 ].

20) 身体耐力

植物乳杆菌显着降低小鼠的体重并增加相对肌肉重量、握力和耐力游泳时间 [ 64 ].

21) 女性生育能力

植物乳杆菌改善了小鼠炎症诱导的不孕症 [ 65 ].

植物乳杆菌增强了自然微生物群落，并导致感染大肠杆菌的小鼠的生育能力恢复[ 66 ].

22) 组胺不耐受

植物乳杆菌可以在实验室环境中降解生物胺。在组胺不耐受的人群中可能值得研究 [ 67 ].

癌症研究

植物乳杆菌增强了肠腺癌小鼠的抗肿瘤免疫反应并延缓了肿瘤形成 [ 68 ].

长期服用植物乳杆菌可预防大鼠患乳腺癌 [ 69、70 ].

植物乳杆菌抑制大鼠结肠癌发生的发展 [ 71 ].

纳米尺寸的植物乳杆菌还在小鼠中表现出抗结直肠癌活性 [ 72 ].

植物乳杆菌显着抑制肝癌细胞、胃癌细胞和结直肠腺癌细胞的增殖[ 73 ].

这些影响尚未在人类受试者中进行过研究。

安全性

在大鼠身上没有观察到任何类型的不良反应，即使在大量食用后也是如此。然而，与其他益生菌一样，在器官衰竭、免疫功能低下和肠道屏障机制功能失调的患者中使用可能会导致感染 [ 74 ].

为了避免不良事件，请在使用益生菌之前咨询医生。

副作用

尽管这种情况可能很少见，但如果出现以下任何可能与非常严重的副作用相关的体征或症状，请立即寻求医疗帮助：

• 过敏反应的迹象，如：皮疹；麻疹; 瘙痒;

• 伴有或不伴有发烧的红色、肿胀、起泡或脱皮的皮肤；

• 喘息; 胸部或喉咙发紧；

• 呼吸、吞咽或说话困难；

• 不寻常的声音嘶哑; 口腔、面部、嘴唇、舌头或喉咙肿胀。

• 感到头晕、疲倦或虚弱；

• 胃部不适或呕吐；

• ...

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