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无德期刊（predatory journals）是指为了追求经济利益（如作者的版面费和商业经济资助）而没有履行传统出版商义务和责任（如保证出版物质量、保证学术伦理等）的期刊。Frandsen发现，引用无德期刊的学者多来自发展中国家/地区的无经验学者。

编译作者：步一 /Indiana University；闵超 / 南京大学      原文作者：Frandsen,T. F.

素材推荐人：熊泽泉 / 华东师范大学                        图文编辑：李江 / 浙江大学

注：图片来源于中搜

无德期刊的数量在快速增长

无德期刊（predatory journals）是指为了追求经济利益（如作者的版面费如作者的版面费和商业经济资助）而没有履行传统出版商义务和责任（如保证出版物质量、保证学术伦理等）的期刊。对于无德期刊的研究，既是文献计量学和科学计量学的研究内容，也是编辑出版领域的重要研究内容。

据估计，2010年全球无德期刊大约有53000本，而2014年则增长到约42万。尽管有学者质疑这两个数字的准确性，但研究仍然显示，在过去的5到10年里，学界无德期刊的数量增长很快。还有研究显示，亚洲和非洲的无德期刊所占比例较欧美地区更高，而且亚非在无德期刊上发表文章的作者比例也更高，这些作者往往更为年轻。

如何界定无德期刊

评判无德期刊并没有一个统一的标准。目前的方式主要依存于定性的评估。Beall曾经通过定性的研究方法列举了自然科学与工程、社会科学、艺术与人文科学等各个领域的124本无德期刊，如附录所示。

有学者认为，如果一本期刊没有被DOAJ、Web of Science或者PubMed等数据库收录，则这个期刊很有可能是无德期刊。然而，这种说法并不准确——例如，有的期刊因为刚刚创刊，其被引量和知名度有限，但其刊载的文章质量可能很高，同行评议过程也很为严格；再例如，有的期刊虽然被PubMed收录，但其质量可能近些年下滑得很厉害，沦落为无德期刊。

避免引用无德期刊

目前已经有很多研究人员倡议避免向无德期刊投稿，也要避免引用无德期刊上的文章。Journal ofThreatened Taxa (JoTT) 还提出了关于避免引用无德期刊的一些要求。例如，JoTT建议学者避免引用Beall列出的无德期刊上面的文章，还要避免引用满足Beall列举无德期刊的几个评判条件（如纯商业运作和导向、期刊录用要求过低等）的期刊文章；如果实在需要引用，则需要在正文处写出这个引用“published in apredatory journal”的字样；等等。

谁在引用无德期刊

近日，Frandsen在Scientometrics期刊上的一项研究聚焦于无德期刊上文章的引用者。作者采用了Beall曾经列举出的124本无德期刊及其上面刊载的文章作为数据集。截止2017年3月，这些期刊一共得到了1295次引用，这1295篇引用无德期刊的文章包含了4250位作者。

结果显示，不论是从引用无德期刊的作者看，还是从引用无德期刊的第一作者方面看，南亚都是引用无德期刊的主要来源。不过从所有作者的分布看，东南亚和中东居其次；从第一作者看，东南亚和欧洲居其次。从国家层面看，印度和马来西亚的作者引用无德期刊最多，两者加起来多达所有引用无德期刊作者数量的48.9%，中国学者则占2.5%。从这些引用者的影响力上看，更多引用者的发文量和被引量较低，这说明他们的影响力很有限。

[1] Frandsen, T. F. (2017). Are predatory journalsundermining the credibility of science? A bibliometric analysis of citers?Scientometrics, DOI: 10.1007/s11192-017-2520-x.

[2] Beall, J. (2012). Predatory publishers are corruptingopen access. Nature, 489(7415), 179.

[3] Beall, J. (2015). Predatory journals and thebreakdown of research cultures. Information Development, 31(5),473–476. DOI:10.1177/0266666915601421.

[4] Raghavan, R., Dahanukar, N., &Molur, S. (2015).Curbing academic predators: JoTT’s policy regarding citation of publicationsfrom predatory journals. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 7(10),7609–7611. DOI:10.11609/JoTT.o4388.7609-11.

附录：无德期刊名单

1.               Academic ExchangeQuarterly.

2.               AcademicusInternational Scientific Journal.

3.               Academy ofContemporary Research Journal (AOCRJ).

4.               Acta de GerenciaCiencia (CAGENA).

5.               Advances inForestry Letter.

6.               Al Ameen Journalof Medical Sciences (AJMS).

7.               American Journalof Advanced Drug Delivery.

8.               American Journalof Advances in Medical Science (ARNACA).

9.               American Journalof Engineering Research.

10.           American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research (AJPHR).

11.           American Journal of PharmTech Research (AJPTR).

12.           American Journal of Phytomedicine and ClinicalTherapeutics.

13.           American Journal of Social issues and Humanities.

14.           American Research Journal.

15.           Anglisticum:International Journal of Literature,Linguistics & Interdisciplinary Studies.

16.           Archives Des Sciences Journal.

17.           Archives of Pharmacy Practice.

18.           ARNACA American Journal of Advances in Medical Science.

19.           Asian Journalof Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

20.           Asian Journalof Health and Medical Sciences.

21.           Asian Journalof Humanities and Social Sciences.

22.           Asian Journalof Business and Management Sciences (AJBMS).

23.           Asian Journalof Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences.

24.           Asian Journalof Pharmacy and Life Science.

25.           Asian Journalof Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care(AJPRHC).

26.           AustralasianJournal of Herpetology.

27.           AustralianJournal of Basic and Applied Sciences.

28.           AustralianJournal of Business and Management Research(AJBMR).

29.           Ayupharm:International Journal of Ayurveda and AlliedSciences.

30.           The Bioscan.

31.           BioresearchBulletin.

32.           BioscienceDiscovery.

33.           Biosciences,Biotechnology Research Asia (BBRA).

34.           BritishBiomedical Bulletin.

35.           BritishJournal of Economics, Finance and ManagementSciences.

36.           BritishJournal of Science.

37.           Bulletin ofMathematical Sciences & Applications.

38.           Bulletin ofPharmaceutical Research.

39.           Bulletin ofSociety for Mathematical Services andStandards.

40.           Calodema.

41.           CanadianChemical Transactions.

42.           Case StudiesJournals.

43.           ChemicalScience Transactions.

44.           ComputerScience Chronicle.

45.           ComputerScience Journal.

46.           TheCriterion: An International Journal in English.

47.           CurrentBiotica.

48.           CurrentDiscovery.

49.           CurrentTrends in Technology and Sciences (CTTS).

50.           DirectResearch Journals.

51.           E-LibraryScience Research Journal.

52.           ExcelingTechPublishing Company, Ltd.

53.           ElixirInternational Journal (formerly Elixir OnlineJournal).

54.           FOREXTechnical Journal Library.

55.           Frontiers inAerospace Engineering.

56.           Galaxy:International Multidisciplinary Research Journal.

57.           GlobalJournal of Management Science and Technology.

58.           GlobalJournal of Medicine and Public Health.

59.           GoldenResearch Thoughts.

60.           IndianJournal of Applied-Basic Medical Sciences.

61.           IndianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research(IJPBR).

62.           IndianJournal of Research Anvikshiki.

63.           IndianJournal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology(IJRPB).

64.           IndianJournal of Scientific Research (IJSR).

65.           IndianStreams Research Journal.

66.           Indo AmericanJournal of Pharmaceutical Research.

67.           Indo-GlobalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

68.           Innovationsin Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacotherapy (IPP).

69.           Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research inBusiness.

70.           Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business(IDJRB).

71.           International Ayurvedic Medical Journal (IAMJ).

72.           International Design Journal.

73.           InternationalJournal of Advanced Technology andEngineering Research (IJATER).

74.           InternationalJournal of Advancements in Mechanical andAeronautical Engineering.

75.           InternationalJournal of Advances in Power Systems(IJAPS).

76.           InternationalJournal of Agronomy & Plant Production.

77.           InternationalJournal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research.

78.           InternationalJournal of E-Computer Science Evolution.

79.           TheInternational Journal of Educational and PsychologicalAssessment.

80.           The IJES: TheInternational Journal of Engineering andScience.

81.           InternationalJournal of English and Education.

82.           InternationalJournal of English Language &Translation Studies (IJ-ELTS).

83.           InternationalJournal of Health Research.

84.           InternationalJournal of Health Sciences and Research.

85.           InternationalJournal of Humanities and Social ScienceInvention (IJHSSI).

86.           InternationalJournal of Humanities, Engineering andPharmaceutical Sciences.

87.           InternationalJournal of Information and CommunicationResearch.

88.           InternationalJournal of Latest Research in Engineeringand Computing (IJLREC).

89.           InternationalJournal of Management, Economics and SocialSciences (IJMESS).

90.           InternationalJournal of Mathematics and Soft Computing(IJMSC).

91.           InternationalJournal of Medicobiologial Research.

92.           InternationalJournal of Novel Drug Delivery Technology.

93.           International Journal of Power Electronics Engineering.

94.           International Journal of Research Development (IJORD).

95.           International Journal of Research in Medical andDentalSciences.

96.           International Journal of Science and AdvancedTechnology(IJSAT).

97.           International Journal of Scientific Research andApplication(IJSRA Publishing).

98.           International Journal of Trends in Economics ManagementandTechnology (IJTEMT).

99.           Journal der Pharmazie Forschung (RAPSR).

100.       Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine.

101.       Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons (JPANDS).

102.       Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy [Link dead as of2013-05-06].

103.       Journal of Behavioral Sciences in Asia.

104.       Journal of Bio Innovation.

105.       Journal of Business Management and Applied Economics.

106.       Journal of Current Pharma Research.

107.       Journal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL).

108.       Journal of International Academic Research forMultidisciplinary(JIARM).

109.       Journal of Science Editing.

110.       Kashmir Economic Review.

111.       National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences.

112.       National Journal of Medical and Dental Research.

113.       Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology.

114.       Plant Digest.

115.       Reef Resources Assessment and Management Technical Paper.

116.       Research Directions: International MultidisciplinaryResearch Journal.

117.       Researchers World – Journal of Arts Science &Commerce.

118.       Seventh Sense Research Group Journal.

119.       South Asian Journal of Mathematics.

120.       Tactful Management Research Journal (TMRJ).

121.       Universal Journal of Applied Computer Science andTechnology.

122.       Universal Journal of Computer Science and EngineeringTechnology (UniCSE).

123.       Weekly Science International Research Journal.

124.       World Journalof Science and Technology (WJST).