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从bank的释义看词典释义如何改进
武夷山
开放获取的Heliyon杂志2016年1月发表俄罗斯的Alexander Yu及同事的文章,“Where is the bank?” or how to “find” different senses of a word(“Bank在哪里”或如何“发现”词的不同含义),原文见http://www.heliyon.com/article/e00065/pdf。
文章说,现在的词典有一个重大缺点,即将一个词的多重含义以及作为名词和动词的含义分别列出,好像这些意义之间没有关联似的。以bank为例,一个释义是“河岸”,一个释义是“银行”,二者没有关联。作者通过条分缕析的考察,发现二者有着紧密的关联。一言以蔽之:bank的作用是使得bank以内的事物(无论是河岸内的河水还是银行内的存款)获得稳定、持续、有序的“运行”。博主觉得,此文提出的问题非常好!作者设想的这种词典若得以问世,一定能对我们的语言学习有极大的帮助。
下面,是两位作者建议的对bank的解释方式。我试着翻译了词条,未翻译例句。
PHYSICAL SPACE物理空间
SENSE I 第一重意义
NOUN [C]: an elevated surface ensuring a steady and consistent process within the space it encompasses
可数名词:一个高起的表面,以使得它所包容的空间内的过程是稳定而持续的
NOUN [C]: a raised area of land along a river or surrounding a lake that secures water from an undesirable overflow
沿河或围湖一块高起的土地,以防止水体“不听话的”溢出
METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:
转喻延伸含义:
(function → shape) NOUN [C]: a prominent elevated surface
(从功能到形状)名词:一个凸起的、高起的表面
VERB [INTR]: to form a prominent towering surface
不及物动词:形成一个凸起的高耸表面
EX : As the fall deepened to winter, the sky thickened, a low dark blanket of clouds banked on the mountains (COCA: [37]).
博主:上例句中的bank含义接近于“笼罩”。
1. (effect →cause) VERB [TR]: to surround something with an elevated surface in order to put it in a prominent position
(从果到因)不及物动词:用一个高起的表面围绕某物,以使之处于突出的位置。
EX : I banked the extra pillows around the baby to keep Mm next to me, killed the TV and the lights and curled up withMm (COCA: [33]).
例句:在婴儿周遭围上一圈枕头......
2. NOUN [C]: an elevated surface providing stable support for human body while sitting, esp. a bench for rowers in a boat
名词:一个高起的表面,在人坐着的时候提供支撑,尤其指划手的席位
EX: A seat, or bench of rowers, is called a bank [66].
1. (part → whole) NOUN [C]: (in a vessel) a group of oars arranged in rows or tiers that form one functional unit
(从局部到整体)名词:(在容器中)若干只桨排成几行或堆成几层,形成一个 功能单元
EX: I had noticed that the Zairian… had possessed no less than thirty six oars in each of her banks [11].
2. (by analogy) NOUN [C]: a significant amount of objects arranged in rows or in tiers and functionally related to each other
(类比)名词:相当多的物件分排或分层排列,其功能相互关联
VERB [TR]: to arrange a significant amount of objects in rows or in tiers so that they form one functional unit
及物动词:将相当多的物件分行或分层排列,使之形成一个功能单元
EX: And one whole wall in one room – there was a TV wall, maybe a hundred identical sets banked floor to ceiling [43].
博主:上例句中,bank是堆积的意思:上百台同样的电视机从地板堆积到天花板
2. NOUN [C]: an elevated part of a racetrack that prevents cars from skidding off the track during the turn
名词:赛道的高起部分,以防赛车在拐弯时滑出赛道
VERB [TR] to surround a racetrack with an elevated surface in order to ensure a steady and safe movement of cars along the track
及物动词:用一个高起的表面环绕赛道,以确保赛车沿赛道稳定安全地行驶
EX: It's a real high-banked, fast track. The straightaways are even banked,so when you get yourself in trouble, you can end up getting into either the inside wall or outside wall (COCA: [38]).
METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:
转喻延伸含义
1. (cause → effect) VERB [INTR]: to tilt while making a turn
(从因到果)不及物动词:转弯时倾斜
EX : I don't think cars do bank much, they would follow the slope of the road, but it works well for boats and airplanes [79]
NOUN [U]: a tilt made by a vehicle in order to change direction
不可数名词:车辆转向时所做的倾侧
EX : The more the inputs the steeper the bank. An airplane does not necessarily have to bank when turning but that would be considered skidding and not a coordinated turn [92].
1. (effect → cause) VERB [TR]: to make something tilt
(从果到因)及物动词:使某物倾斜、倾侧
EX : I banked the plane left a mile past the bridge (COCA:[25]).
I banked my skis to set up for a clean landing – one that wasn't going to send me into the trees – and thudded to earth (COCA: [36]).
3. NOUN [C]: (in billiards) an elevated protective cushion that does not let the ball out of the table
名词:(台球中)不让台球从球台上落下的高起的保护性台岸
EX: Vertical walls (banks in English) around the edges kept balls from falling off the table [51].
METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS (in billiards):
转喻延伸含义(在台球戏领域):
1. VERB [INTR]: to rebound from the protective cushion of a billiard table (about a ball)
不及物动词:从球台的保护性台岸弹回
EX: There are many variables that affect how a ball banks [12].
1. (effect → cause) VERB [TR]: to score a shot by driving a ball into the protective cushion of the table
(从果到因)及物动词:通过将球击到球台的保护性台岸上而得分。(博主:请懂台球者指出博主的翻译错误)
EX: The object of the game is to be the first player to bank balls in any order [88].
NOUN [C]: a shot when a ball rebounds from the cushion and gets into the pocket
名词:台球从台岸弹回后落入球袋所得的一分
EX: This is another advantage for using faster speed forbanks [12].
SOCIAL SPACE 社会空间
SENSE II 第二重含义
1. An institution responsible for storing, safekeeping and management of some valuable resources providing stable access to these resources when needed (esp. a financial institution).
负责存储、安全保藏和管理有价值资源的机构(尤指金融机构),人们在需要资源时能从这里稳定取出相关资源
VERB [TR] to store, safekeep and efficiently manage some valuable resources (when speaking of such an institution)
及物动词:存储、安全保藏和高效管理一些宝贵资源
EX: In 2001, the US Bureau of Land Management inaugurated its Seeds of Success program, an effort to bank native US plants for restoration projects and a contributor to MSBP (COCA: [39]).
METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:
转喻延伸含义:
1. VERB [TR]: to have something valuable stored and managed by such an institution
将有价值的东西交由这样的机构来保存和管理
EX : My sister banked her daughter's cord blood when she was born, and is encouraging us to do the same with our baby… my husband and I are concerned about the cost [13].
The money Campbell makes will be banked in a prison account to pay his expenses, such as phone calls. (COCA: [32])
1. (part of the process → whole process) (only in the financial domain) VERB [INTR]: To use services provided by a financial institution
(从过程之局部到整体过程)(该含义只适用于金融领域)不及物动词:利用金融机构提供的服务
EX: Opt out of receiving paper bank statements. If every U.S. household banked online, we'd save 16.5 million trees a year! (COCA: [34])
2. (functional contiguity) (only in the financial domain) VERB [TR]: To provide any financial services
(功能接近性)(该含义只适用于金融领域)及物动词:提供任何一种金融服务
EX : Community Bank of the Bay in Oakland also has " a fair number of dispensaries banking with us, " says its CEO, Brian Garrett. # " We used to have more, " he says, but a few years ago, the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corp. " made it very difficult for us to bank them, " and he closed some accounts.(COCA: [31])
3. (container → content) NOUN [C]: A secured stock of some valuable resources
(从容器到内容)名词:有价值资源之安全存储
博主:大概是“银行账户”的意思
VERB [TR]: to create a stock of some valuable resources
及物动词:创立有价值资源的存储账户
EX: Meredith had $46,000 of her own money. This was the savings that she'd tucked away in a CD earning 1.5 percent, from her teaching job in the 1980s. (Freddy had ridiculed her for this. Let me invest it, he'd said. I'll double it in six months.) But Meredith had kept rolling over the money in that CD for no reason other than personal pride – and how relieved she was now! She had something to live on, actual legitimate money that she'd earned and banked. (COCA: [26])
4. (entity → location) NOUN [C]: A building housing such an institution or a place where the stock is held
(从实体到位置)名词:容纳这样一种机构的建筑物,或保存账户的地方
作者联系方式:Alexandra Yu. Smirnovasandy.86@inbox.ru
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00065
Cite as: Heliyon 2 (2016) e00065
Abstract
This article highlights certain inconsistencies that exist in modern lexicography with respect to word meaning representation and proposes an alternative outlook on the nature of word meaning based on the principles of the functional linguo-anthropological theory. Through the case study of the lexemebank, it has been demonstrated that word meaning can be presented as a more coherent structure if only the functional evaluative nature of language be taken into account more accurately while compiling a dictionary entry. The article defends the idea that the evaluative nature of human experience as a source of meaning in language determines the way lexical items behave in real texts and, therefore, demonstrates the necessity of abandoning basic principles of referential semantics (with its stress on objective features of referents as physical objects) in lexicographical descriptions.
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