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英国科普作家编写的技术大事年表
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英国科普作家编写的技术大事年表
武夷山
该“技术大事年表”的编制者是Chris Woodford，英国科普作家。该表最近更新时间是2019年3月19日。
他撰写、主编、参编或咨询过的图书被译为近20种语言，获奖或进入图书奖项评选短名单的次数超过40次。例如，他2015年出版的科普著作
Atoms Under the Floorboards: The Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home（地板下的原子：藏在你家里的惊人科学事实）获得美国物理学会颁发的“2016年科普写作奖（图书类）”，也被《物理世界》杂志评为“2015年10佳物理学图书”之一。
这个年表很长，我只选译了到17世纪末为止的条目，其余条目请大家看原文吧。
技术大事年表
（出处：https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html）
时间 | 发明或发现 | 解释该条目的文章 |
史前 | ||
40–50亿年前 | 太阳开始产生能量。 | |
1000万年前 | 人类用石头、木头、鹿角、骨头等制造最初的工具。 | |
100–200万年前 | 人类发现火。 | |
公元前2.5-5万年 | 人类开始穿衣蔽体。 | |
公元前10,000 年 | 最早的船只问世。 | |
公元前8000– 9000年 | 人类定居与农业的开端 | |
公元前6000– 7000 年 | 中东出现了用于建筑的手工制砖。 | Brick (ceramics) |
古代 | ||
公元前4000 年 | 人们首次将铁用于装饰品。 | |
公元前3500– 5000 年 | 人们首次造出玻璃。 | |
公元前3500年 | 人类发明了轮子。 | |
公元前3000 年 | 南美索不达米亚（现伊拉克的一部分）的苏美尔人发展出了最早的书面语言。 | |
约公元前2500年 | 古埃及人造出了纸莎草纸，纸的早期粗糙版。 | |
公元前3000– 600年 | 青铜时代：铜及其重要合金青铜广泛应用。 | |
公元前2000 年 | 古埃及人发明了汲水吊杆之类的提水灌溉器械，提出了利用平衡物提升物件的思路。 | |
约公元前1700 年 | 地中海的闪米特人发明了字母表。 | |
公元前1000 年 | 铁器时代开始：世界很多地方铁被广泛用于制造工具和武器。 | |
公元前600 年 | 米利都的泰勒斯发现了静电。. | |
约公元前250 年 | 古埃及人发明了灯塔，包括亚历山大里亚的大灯塔。 | |
约公元前300– 200年 | 中国人发明了早期的磁测向仪。（博主：可能指司南） | |
约公元前250 年 | 阿基米德发明了螺旋泵。 | |
约公元前150– 100年 | 出现了齿轮驱动的精密钟表装置（如安提凯希拉装置） | |
约公元前50 年 | 罗马工程师 Vitruvius完善了当时很先进的垂直水车。 | |
公元62 年 | 希腊科学家、亚历山大里亚的希罗（Hero）首次利用蒸汽动力。 | |
公元105 年 | 蔡伦在中国首次造纸。 | |
公元前27年–公元395 年 | 罗马人发明了最早的、基础形态的混凝土，称为卜作岚材料（pozzolana，原义为火山灰）。 | |
中世纪 | ||
约公元600年 | 中东地区发明了风车。 | |
公元700–900 年 | 中国人发明了火药和烟花。 | |
公元800–1300年 | 以Banū Mūsā（巴努·穆萨）兄弟和al-Jazari （贾札里）等发明家为旗帜，伊斯兰黄金时代见证了多项技术的发展，如精巧的时钟和反馈装置，它们是现代自动化机器的鼻祖。 | |
公元1000年 ?? | 中国人将镜片嵌入适合脸型的镜框，发明了眼镜。 | |
1206 | 阿拉伯工程师贾札里发明了冲水洗手机，它是现代洗手间的鼻祖之一。 | |
1232 | 中国人用早期的火箭抵御了蒙古人进攻。 | |
1450 | 谷登堡发明了基于活字印刷的现代印刷机。 | |
1470s | 某位不知名的发明人在纸上绘出了最早的降落伞的草图。 | |
16世纪 | ||
1530s | 杰勒德斯·墨卡托用更好的地图绘制技术助推了导航技术的革命性变革。 | |
1590 | 荷兰眼镜师Zacharias Janssen 制作了世上首个复合显微镜。 | |
1596 | 约翰·哈林顿爵士描述了最早的现代抽水马桶。 | |
17世纪 | ||
约1600年 | 伽利略设计出了温度计。 | |
1600 | 威廉·吉尔伯特出版了他的巨著《磁石论》，指出地球就像一个巨大磁铁。该书标志着对磁现象之科学研究的开端。 | |
1609 | 伽利略建造出了实用的望远镜，做出了新的天文发现。 | |
17th 世纪中期 | 安东尼.范.列文虎克和罗伯特.胡克独立研制出了显微镜。 | |
1643 | 伽利略的学生伊万格里斯塔.托里切利建造了第一个水银气压计。 | |
1650s | 克里斯蒂安·惠更斯研制出了摆钟。 | |
1687 | 牛顿提出了运动三定律。 | |
1700s | 巴托洛梅奥·克里斯托弗里发明了钢琴。 | |
18th century | ||
1701 | English farmer Jethro Tull begins the mechanization of agriculture by inventing the horse-drawn seed drill. | |
1703 | Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system now used in virtually all computers. | |
1712 | Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical (but stationary) steam engine. | |
1700s | Christiaan Huygens conceives the internal combustion engine, but never actually builds one. | |
1737 | William Champion develops a commercially viable process for extracting zinc on a large scale. | |
1757 | John Campbell invents the sextant, an improved navigational device that enables sailors to measure latitude. | |
1730s– 1770s | John Harrison develops reliable chronometers (seafaring clocks) that allow sailors to measure longitude accurately for the first time. | |
1751 | Axel Cronstedt isolates nickel. | |
1756 | Axel Cronstedt notices steam when he boils a rock—and discovers zeolites. | |
1769 | Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical speaking machine: the world's first speech synthesizer. | |
1770s | Abraham Darby III builds a pioneering iron bridge at a place now called Ironbridge in England. | |
~1780 | Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the pyrometer. | |
1783 | French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-étienne Montgolfier make the first practical hot-air balloon. | |
1791 | Reverend William Gregor, a British clergyman and amateur geologist, discovers a mysterious mineral that he calls menachite. Four years later, Martin Klaproth gives it its modern name, titanium. | |
19th century | ||
1800 | Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery (known as a Voltaic pile). | |
1801 | Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the automated cloth-weaving loom. The punched cards it uses to store patterns help to inspire programmable computers. | |
1803 | Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the papermaking machine. | |
1806 | Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an important chemical technique and uses it to identify a number of new elements. | |
1807 | Humphry Davy develops the electric arc lamp. | |
1814 | George Stephenson builds the first practical steam locomotive. | |
1816 | Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engine. | |
1820s– 1830s | Michael Faraday builds primitive electric generators and motors. | |
1827 | Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph. | |
1830s | William Sturgeon develops the first practical electric motor. | |
1830s | Louis Daguerre invents a practical method of taking pin-sharp photographs called Daguerreotypes. | |
1830s | William Henry Fox Talbot develops a way of making and printing photographs using reverse images called negatives. | |
1830s– 1840s | Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, in England, and Samuel Morse, in the United States, develop the electric telegraph (a forerunner of the telephone). | |
1836 | Englishman Francis Petit-Smith and Swedish-American John Ericsson independently develop propellers with blades for ships. | |
1839 | Charles Goodyear finally perfects a durable form of rubber (vulcanized rubber) after many years of unsuccessful experimenting. | |
1840s | Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule outlines the theory of the conservation of energy. | |
1840s | Scotsman Alexander Bain invents a primitive fax machine based on chemical technology. | |
1849 | James Francis invents a water turbine now used in many of the world's hydropower plants. | |
1850s | Henry Bessemer pioneers a new method of making steel in large quantities. | |
1850s | Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria. | |
1850s | Italian Giovanni Caselli develops a mechanical fax machine called the pantelegraph. | |
1860s | Frenchman étienne Lenoir and German Nikolaus Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine. | |
1860s | James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves must exist and sets out basic laws of electromagnetism. | |
1860s | Fire extinguishers are invented. | |
1861 | Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in safety brake. | |
1867 | Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete. | |
1868 | Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern typewriter and QWERTY keyboard. | |
1871 | Frank Wenham, a British aeronautical engineer, invents the wind tunnel. | |
1876 | Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, though the true ownership of the invention remains controversial even today. | |
1870s | Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first practical method of recording and playing back sound on metal foil. | |
1870s | Lester Pelton invents a useful new kind of water turbine known as a Pelton wheel. | |
1877 | Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine or phonograph—a forerunner of the record player and CD player. | |
1877 | Edward Very invents the flare gun (Very pistol) for sending distress flares at sea. | |
1880 | Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent electric lamp. | |
1880 | Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie discover the piezoelectric effect. | |
1880s | Thomas Edison opens the world's first power plants. | |
1880s | Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam sterilizing machine). | |
1880s | Charles and Julia Hall and Paul Heroult independently develop an affordable way of making aluminum. | |
1880s | Carrie Everson invents new ways of mining silver, gold, and copper. | |
1881 | Jacques d'Arsonval suggests heat energy could be extracted from the oceans. | |
1883 | George Eastman invents plastic photographic film. | |
1884 | Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine. | |
1885 | Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car. | |
1886 | Josephine Cochran invents the dishwasher. | |
1888 | Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals. | |
1888 | John Boyd Dunlop patents air-filled (pneumatic) tires. | |
1888 | Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current (AC) electric induction motor and, in opposition to Thomas Edison, becomes a staunch advocate of AC power. | |
1899 | Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for measuring temperatures at a safe distance. | |
1890s | French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent movie projectors and open the first movie theater. | |
1890s | German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel engine—a more efficient internal combustion engine without a sparking plug. | |
1890s | Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky figures out the theory of space rockets. | |
1894 | Physicist Sir Oliver Lodge sends the first ever message by radio wave in Oxford, England. | |
1895 | German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays. | |
1895 | American Ogden Bolton, Jr. invents the electric bicycle. | |
20th century | ||
1901 | Guglielmo Marconi sends radio-wave signals across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Canada | |
1901 | The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed. | |
1903 | Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build the first engine-powered airplane. | |
1905 | Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect. | |
1905 | Samuel J. Bens invents the chainsaw. | |
1906 | Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner. | |
1906 | Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography. | |
1907 | Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first popular synthetic plastic. | |
1907 | Alva Fisher invents the electric clothes washer. | |
1906-8 | Frederick Gardner Cottrell develops the electrostatic smoke precipitator (smokestack pollution scrubber). | |
1908 | American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford launches the Ford Model T, the world's first truly affordable car. | |
1909 | German chemists Fritz Haber and Zygmunt Klemensiewicz develop the glass electrode, enabling very precise measurements of acidity. | |
1912 | American chemist Gilbert Lewis describes the basic chemistry that leads to practical, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (though they don't appear in a practical, commercial form until the 1990s). | |
1912 | Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector for radioactivity. | |
1916 | Robert Hutchings Goddard, an American physicist, publishes influential ideas on building space rockets. | |
1919 | Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and uses it to discover many isotopes. | |
1920s | John Logie Baird develops mechanical television. | |
1920s | Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic television. | |
1920s | Robert H. Goddard develops the principle of the modern, liquid-fueled space rocket. | |
1920s | German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American Paul Handel independently develop primitive optical character recognition (OCR) scanning systems. | |
1920s | Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that can generate microwaves from electricity. | |
1921 | Karel Capek and his brother coin the word "robot" in a play about artificial humans. | |
1921 | John Larson develops the polygraph ("lie detector") machine. | |
1928 | Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals for air conditioners and refrigerators. | |
1928 | The electric refrigerator is invented. | |
1920s– 1930s | Frank Whittle of England and Hans Pabst von Ohain of Germany develop rival jet engines. | |
1930s | Peter Goldmark pioneers color television. | |
1930s | Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern ballpoint pen. | |
1930s | Maria Telkes creates the first solar-powered house. | |
1930s | Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first popular synthetic clothing material. | |
1930s | Robert Watson Watt oversees the development of radar. | |
1930s | Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter. | |
1931 | Harold E. Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for high-speed photography. | |
1932 | Arne Olander discovers the shape memory effect in a gold-cadmium alloy. | |
1936 | W.B. Elwood invents the magnetic reed switch. | |
1938 | Chester Carlson invents the principle of photocopying (xerography). | |
1938 | Roy Plunkett accidentally invents a nonstick plastic coating called Teflon. | |
1939 | Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical helicopter. | |
1940s | English physicists John Randall and Harry Boot develop a compact magnetron for use in airplane radar navigation systems. | |
1942 | Enrico Fermi builds the first nuclear chain reactor at the University of Chicago. | |
1945 | US government scientist Vannevar Bush proposes a kind of desk-sized memory store called Memex, which has some of the features later incorporated into electronic books and the World Wide Web (WWW). | |
1945 | Arthur C. Clarke conceives the idea of the communications satellite, a space-based signal "mirror" that can bounce radio waves from one side of Earth to the other. | |
1947 | John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor, which allows electronic equipment to made much smaller and leads to the modern computer revolution. | |
1949 | Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Woodland patent barcodes—striped patterns that are initially developed for marking products in grocery stores. | |
1950s | Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins the word "laser" and builds the first optical laser in 1958. | |
1950s | Stanford Ovshinksy develops various technologies that make renewable energy more practical, including practical solar cells and improved rechargeable batteries. | |
1950s | European bus companies experiment with using flywheels as regenerative brakes | |
1950s | Percy Spencer accidentally discovers how to cook with microwaves, inadvertently inventing the microwave oven. | |
1954 | Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber optics. | |
1956 | First commercial nuclear power is produced at Calder Hall, Cumbria, England. | |
1957 | Soviet Union (Russia and her allies) launch the Sputnik space satellite. | |
1957 | Lawrence Curtiss, Basil Hirschowitz, and Wilbur Peters build the first fiber-optic gastroscope. | |
1958 | Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working independently, develop the integrated circuit. | |
1959 | IBM and General Motors develop Design Augmented by Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first computer-aided design (CAD) system. | |
1960s | Joseph-Armand Bombardier perfects his Ski-Doo® snowmobile. | |
1960 | Theodore Maiman invents the ruby laser. | |
1962 | William Armistead and S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works invent light-sensitive (photochromic) glass. | |
1963 | Ivan Sutherland develops Sketchpad, one of the first computer-aided design programs. | |
1964 | IBM helps to pioneer e-commerce with an airline ticket reservation system called SABRE. | |
1965 | Frank Pantridge develops the portable defibrillator for treating cardiac arrest patients. | |
1966 | Stephanie Kwolek patents a super-strong plastic called Kevlar. | |
1966 | Robert H. Dennard of IBM invents dynamic random access memory (DRAM). | |
1967 | Japanese company Noritake invents the vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). | |
1968 | Alfred Y. Cho and John R. Arthur, Jr invent a precise way of making single crystals called molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). | |
1969 | World's first solar power station opened in France. | |
1969 | Long before computers become portable, Alan Kay imagines building an electronic book, which he nicknames the Dynabook. | |
1969 | Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invent the CCD (charge-coupled device): the light-sensitive chip used in digital cameras, webcams, and other modern optical equipment. | |
1969 | Astronauts walk on the Moon. | |
1960s | Douglas Engelbart develops the computer mouse. | |
1960s | James Russell invents compact discs. | |
1971 | Electronic ink is pioneered by Nick Sheridon at Xerox PARC. | |
1971 | Ted Hoff builds the first single-chip computer or microprocessor. | |
1973 | Martin Cooper develops the first handheld cellphone (mobile phone). | |
1973 | Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple way of linking computers together that he names Ethernet. Most computers hooked up to the Internet now use it. | |
1974 | First grocery-store purchase of an item coded with a barcode. | |
1975 | Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key cryptography. | |
1975 | Pico Electronics develops X-10 home automation system. | |
1976 | Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: one of the world's first personal home computers | |
1970s– 1980s | James Dyson invents the bagless, cyclonic vacuum cleaner. | |
1970s– 1980s | Scientists including Charles Bennett, Paul Benioff, Richard Feynman, and David Deutsch sketch out how quantum computers might work. | |
1980s | Japanese electrical pioneer Akio Morita develops the Sony Walkman, the first truly portable player for recorded music. | |
1981 | Stung by Apple's success, IBM releases its own affordable personal computer (PC). | |
1981 | The Space Shuttle makes its maiden voyage. | |
1981 | Patricia Bath develops laser eye surgery for removing cataracts. | |
1981 | Fujio Masuoka files a patent for flash memory—a type of reusable computer memory that can store information even when the power is off. | |
1981– 1982 | Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus (independently) discover quantum dots. | |
1983 | Compact discs (CDs) are launched as a new way to store music by the Sony and Philips corporations. | |
1987 | Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas Instruments, develops DLP® projection—now used in many projection TV systems. | |
1989 | Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web. | |
1990 | German watchmaking company Junghans introduces the MEGA 1, believed to be the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch. | |
1991 | Linus Torvalds creates the first version of Linux, a collaboratively written computer operating system. | |
1994 | American-born mathematician John Daugman perfects the mathematics that make iris scanning systems possible. | |
1994 | Israeli computer scientists Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty invent VoIP for sending telephone calls over the Internet. | |
1995 | Broadcast.com becomes one of the world's first online radio stations. | |
1995 | Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay auction website. | |
1996 | WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition television (HDTV) signal in the United States. | |
1997 | Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a worldwide standard for wireless Internet. | |
21st century | ||
2001 | Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its iPod MP3 music player. | |
2001 | Richard Palmer develops energy-absorbing D3O plastic. | |
2001 | The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales. | |
2001 | Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent file-sharing. | |
2001 | Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues develop self-healing materials. | |
2002 | iRobot Corporation releases the first version of its Roomba® vacuum cleaning robot. | |
2004 | Electronic voting plays a major part in a controversial US Presidential Election. | |
2004 | Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover graphene. | |
2005 | A pioneering low-cost laptop for developing countries called OLPC is announced by MIT computing pioneer Nicholas Negroponte. | |
2007 | Amazon.com launches its Kindle electronic book (e-book) reader. | |
2007 | Apple introduces a touchscreen cellphone called the iPhone. | |
2010 | Apple releases its touchscreen tablet computer, the iPad. | |
2010 | 3D TV starts to become more widely available. | |
2013 | Elon Musk announces "hyperloop"—a giant, pneumatic tube transport system. | |
2015 | Supercomputers (the world's fastest computers) are now a mere 30 times less powerful than human brains. | |
2016 | Three nanotechnologists win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for building miniature machines out of molecules. | |
2017 | Quantum computing shows signs of becoming a practical technology. |
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-1178469.html
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