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美国面临的挑战
单亲家庭的孩子人口数巨大
每家都有一本难念的经。这句话确实是反映现实生活的。美国在科技、文化、等方面领先世界;但,美国存在许许多多大难题,其中基本的一个大难题是孩子的教育。而这个问题的一个大难点是许多来自于单身父母家庭的孩子,往往教育难度大。在美国,有近2千5百万儿童(2464.7万,18岁以下)是生活在单亲家庭,占孩子总数的35%。见下表。
种族 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |
印第安美国人 | 人数 | 334,000 | 350,000 | 355,000 | 345,000 | 329,000 |
百分比 | 53% | 52% | 53% | 53% | 52% | |
亚裔和环太地区美国人 | 人数 | 508,000 | 539,000 | 559,000 | 579,000 | 557,000 |
百分比 | 16% | 16% | 17% | 17% | 16% | |
非裔美国人 | 人数 | 6,471,000 | 6,533,000 | 6,509,000 | 6,493,000 | 6,427,000 |
百分比 | 67% | 66% | 67% | 67% | 67% | |
西裔和拉丁裔 | 人数 | 6,322,000 | 6,674,000 | 6,890,000 | 7,008,000 | 7,044,000 |
百分比 | 40% | 41% | 42% | 42% | 42% | |
白人 | 人数 | 9,406,000 | 9,329,000 | 9,466,000 | 9,358,000 | 9,289,000 |
百分比 | 24% | 24% | 25% | 25% | 25% | |
总计 | 人数 | 23,808,000 | 24,297,000 | 24,718,000 | 24,725,000 | 24,647,000 |
百分比 | 34% | 34% | 35% | 35% | 35% | |
2个或以上族裔 | 人数 | 1,411,000 | 1,586,000 | 1,655,000 | 1,703,000 | 1,758,000 |
百分比 | 41% | 42% | 42% | 43% | 43% |
从这个表格里可以看到,种族之间的不平衡(或说不一样?)是很大的。
亚裔(包括环太地区族裔)美国人中,生活在单身家庭的儿童人口只占该种族儿童总人口的16-17%,数量是32.9万(2013年);而非裔美国人中,生活在单身家庭的儿童人口占其66-67%,人口是642.7万(2013年)。
现实生活中,生活在单身家庭的儿童总体来说,各方面的条件(生活条件,在家里受教育的条件等)要比生活在双亲家庭的儿童差一些,这给孩子的教育和成长带来了困难。我的孩子们在美国学校上学,同学们之中也有少数是来自于单身家庭生活,多少知道一些这些家庭的家长和孩子,确实不容易!
其中非裔美国人,生活在单身家庭的儿童人口占其儿童总数的66-67%,人数有642.7万之巨。这些往往都是单身妈妈家庭,而且这些妈妈们一般是接受教育程度较低的人,因此,收入较低甚至没有收入,靠政府补助生活。来自这样家庭的学生大多数在学习、生活方面都会有困难。
这是美国的大挑战。当然在其他国家也会面对单亲家庭的孩子教育问题。
上表注解:
Definitions: Children under age 18 who live with their ownsingle parent either in a family or subfamily.
In this definition, single-arent families may include cohabiting couples anddo not include children living with married stepparents. Children who live ingroup quarters (for example, institutions, dormitories, or group homes) are notincluded in this calculation.
Data Source: Population Reference Bureau, analysis of datafrom the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, 2001Supplementary Survey, 2002 through 2013 American Community Survey.
The data for this measure come from the 2005 through 2013 American CommunitySurvey (ACS). The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annuallyupdated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Suchlocal-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in thelong form of the decennial census.) Race/ethnic groups represented in thistable are not mutually exclusive. The category of white includes only non-Hispanic white. The categories Black or African American, American Indian,and Asian and Pacific Islander include both Hispanic and non-Hispanic. Those inthe Hispanic or Latino category include those identified as being in one of thenon-White race groups.
Footnotes: Updated January 2015.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the 百分比ageis greater than or equal to 10 百分比age points.
N.A. – Data not available.
A 90 百分比 confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children in single-parent families byrace.
数据来自: National KIDS COUNT
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