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optical emission spectroscopy (OES) -- LTE & optically thin plasma, NLTE plasma 同种粒子激发能级population density不满足波尔兹曼分布,不同ionization stage of an element 能级粒子数分布也不满足saha平衡。
laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)
laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS)
interferometry
mass spectrometry
beam deflectometry
各自适用范围?优缺点?
langmuir probe 适用于任何等离子体(只要温度不高到损坏探针)?——空间分辨率有限
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