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[趣闻] 如何获得诺贝尔奖 How to win numerous Nobel prizes

已有 1173 次阅读 2024-11-12 22:49 |个人分类:资料与科普|系统分类:科研笔记

[趣闻] 如何获得诺贝尔奖 How to win numerous Nobel prizes

诺贝尔： Alfred Bernhard Nobel, 1833-10-21 ~ 1869-12-10, 63

诺贝尔奖： Nobel Prize

诺贝尔奖得主： Nobel Prize laureate

诺贝尔奖官网首页奖牌（深黄色）_小.png

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/

要点：

改名、拜师、换学科，以及活久一点。

一、当前的统计

2024-10-03 《Nature》的“How to win a Nobel prize”里说：

https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-024-02897-2/index.html

如何拿诺贝尔奖？《自然》帮你想好了：改名、拜师、换学科，以及活久一点。

诺奖得主研究的领域有哪些？他们得奖时年龄有多大？《自然》通过整理所有科学奖得主的数据，回答了这些问题。

图1 平均需要等待 14~29年

https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-024-02897-2/index.html

You should expect to wait for your award — for about two decades after you produce your Nobel-worthy work¹. So, on average, you should make a start on these projects by your 40s.

The number of years between work and prize is lengthening as time goes by, with laureates before 1960 waiting an average of 14 years, and those honoured in the 2010s having to wait an average of 29 years. But there’s a time limit: prizes cannot be awarded posthumously.

【机器翻译】你应该期待你的获奖——在你完成诺贝尔奖获奖作品后的大约二十年里。所以，平均而言，你应该在40多岁时开始这些项目。

随着时间的推移，工作和获奖之间的时间越来越长，1960年之前的获奖者平均等待14年，而2010年代获奖者平均需要等待29年。但有一个时间限制：奖项不能追授。

图2 诺贝尔圈（Nobel family）里的人为主：圈外只有 32人得奖

https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-024-02897-2/index.html

Only 32 laureates, shown on the left, have no connection to the bigger academic family.

【机器翻译】只有32位获奖者（如左图所示）与更大的学术家族没有联系。

二、Harriet Zuckerman 女士对美国 1901 ~ 1987年诺贝尔奖得主的统计

https://worldscience.cn/c/1991-10-25/635498.shtml

图3 Harriet Anne Zuckerman, 1937-07-19 ~

首先，获奖者多出自一个较好的家庭文化背景，如其父亲本身就是科学家，父亲将其子女送到第一流的大学深造。美国获奖者中的54%上过如下五所一流大学：哈佛大学、哥伦比亚大学、加州理工学院、芝加哥大学和密西根大学。

其二，某种双重促进机制起着推波助澜之效，好的学生选择优秀的教师授课，优秀的科学家（教师）又促进了一批出类拔萃的青年学者。诚可谓，一代获奖者孵化出另一代获奖人

其三，对争取获诺贝尔奖的科学家来说，他在此之前获得其他科学奖的多少、有无是极为重要的指标。朱克曼发现，稍后的一些获奖者绝大多数在赴斯德哥尔摩领取科学桂冠前曾获得过各种奖章。

其四，是否在国家第一流的研究机构工作对最终获奖也有不容小视的作用。美国诺贝尔科学奖得主中的约80%获奖前就都是美国国家科学研究院的成员，跻身美国国家科学研究院（现有成员1500人，包括外籍人）无疑是踏上了通往获奖者的跳板。

参考资料：

[1] Kerri Smith, Chris Ryan. How to win a Nobel prize. Nature, 2024-10-03

What subjects have past winners studied? What age were they when they won? Where do they live? Nature crunched the data on every science prizewinner to find out.

https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-024-02897-2/index.html

[2] Richard S. J. Tol. The Nobel family [J]. Scientometrics, 2024, 129(3): 1329-1346.

doi: 10.1007/s11192-024-04936-1

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-024-04936-1

[3] Pandelis Mitsis. The Nobel Prize time gap [J]. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 2022, 9(1): 1-11.

doi: 10.1057/s41599-022-01418-8

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01418-8

[4] John P. A. Ioannidis, Ioana-Alina Cristea, Kevin W. Boyack. Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields [J]. PloS one, 2020, 15(7): e0234612.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234612

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612

[5] Winfried Göpfept 编译江世亮. 他们如何获得科学最高奖？ ——一项关于诺贝尔科学奖获奖原因的调查[J]. 世界科学，1991, (10): 29-31+3.

https://worldscience.cn/c/1991-10-25/635498.shtml

推荐阅读：

[1] The Nobel Prize, The Nobel Foundation

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/

[2] The Millennium Prize Problems, Clay Mathematics Institute

https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/

[2-2] Arthur Jaffe, 薛博卿译. 千禧年大奖难题之始与未终[J]. 数学文化, 2020, 11(4): 65-74.

https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/mc/18380.html

https://www.global-sci.org/intro/articles_list/mc/2043.html

[3] The Abel Prize, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

https://abelprize.no/

https://abelprize.no/page/about-abel-prize

The Abel Prize – International Prize of Mathematics – Awarded yearly

The Abel Prize is named after Niels Henrik Abel, Norway’s greatest mathematician throughout the times. Abel left lasting marks on the mathematical world. His mathematics have served as a base for a number of major technological breakthroughs, there amongst the development of the internet. The Abel Prize was established by the Norwegian Parliament (The Storting) in 2002, on the occasion the 200-year anniversary of his birth.

阿贝尔奖-国际数学奖-每年颁发

阿贝尔奖以挪威历史上最伟大的数学家尼尔斯·亨里克·阿贝尔的名字命名。阿贝尔在数学界留下了不可磨灭的印记。他的数学为互联网的发展提供了许多重大技术突破的基础。阿贝尔奖由挪威议会（挪威议会）于2002年在他诞辰200周年之际设立。

[4] A.M. Turing Award, Association for Computing Machinery

https://amturing.acm.org/

The A.M. Turing Award, sometimes referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing," was named in honor of Alan Mathison Turing (1912–1954), a British mathematician and computer scientist. He made fundamental advances in computer architecture, algorithms, formalization of computing, and artificial intelligence. Turing was also instrumental in British code-breaking work during World War II.

A.M.图灵奖，有时被称为“诺贝尔计算奖”，是为了纪念英国数学家和计算机科学家Alan Mathison Turing（1912-1954）而设立的。他在计算机体系结构、算法、计算形式化和人工智能方面取得了根本性进展。图灵在第二次世界大战期间也在英国的密码破译工作中发挥了重要作用。

[5] SCIENCE, 2005-01-07, Special Issue 125th Anniversary, 01 JULY 2005, VOL 309, ISSUE 5731

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/309/5731

[5-2] In Praise of Hard Questions

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.309.5731.76

https://www.science.org/toc/science/309/5731

[5-3] 125

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1115951

Although tempted to review the 25 years of progress since 1980, my colleagues and I went with Fred instead and decided to contemplate the future, this time by posing 25 “Big Questions” along with 100 smaller ones. The choice reflects our belief that questions are more important than answers in shaping the future of science.

尽管我很想回顾自1980年以来的25年进展，但我和我的同事们还是和弗雷德一起决定思考未来，这次提出了25个“大问题”和100个小问题。这一选择反映了我们的信念，即在塑造科学的未来方面，问题比答案更重要。

[5-4] 2019-05-17，《Science 125个前沿问题解读》一书即将出版 |《科学通报》

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-1179598.html

[5-5] 2017-01-22，Science125个科学前沿问题系列解读2016年度汇总|《科学通报》

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-1029192.html

[5-6] 2016-03-18，Science 125个科学前沿问题系列解读 |《科学通报》

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-963412.html

[6] 等你求解！上海交大携手《科学》杂志向全球发布125个科学问题, 2021-04-11, 上海交通大学

https://news.sjtu.edu.cn/mtjj/20210412/145693.html

[6-2] SCIENCE, 2021-04-11, 125 questions: Exploration and discovery, In honor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s 125th Anniversary

https://www.sciencemag.org/collections/125-questions-exploration-and-discovery