[物理，实验，打听] 费曼老师“Millikan oil-drop experiment 密立根油滴实验”的原始数据和图片

费曼 Richard Phillips Feynman, 1918-05-11 ~ 1988-02-15, 69

http://www.richardfeynman.com/images/bio/bioIMG1.png

http://www.richardfeynman.com/about/bio.html

图1  About Richard Feynman: Photo Gallery

http://www.richardfeynman.com/images/gallery/25.jpg

http://www.richardfeynman.com/about/gallery.html

一、求费曼老师“Millikan oil-drop experiment 密立根油滴实验”的原始数和图片

   1974-06-14 (14 June 1974)，费曼在加州理工学院毕业典礼演讲《Cargo Cult Science 拜运输机教科学》里说：

   We have learned a lot from experience about how to handle some of the ways we fool ourselves. One example: Millikan measured the charge on an electron by an experiment with falling oil drops, and got an answer which we now know not to be quite right. It's a little bit off, because he had the incorrect value for the viscosity of air. It's interesting to look at the history of measurements of the charge of the electron, after Millikan. If you plot them as a function of time, you find that one is a little bigger than Millikan's, and the next one's a little bit bigger than that, and the next one's a little bit bigger than that, until finally they settle down to a number which is higher.

   我们从经验中学习到许多东西，如何处理某些会愚弄自己的陷阱。举例：密立根通过滴落油滴测量一个电子所带的电荷，得到了一个结果，我们现在知道那并不太准确。因为他在设定空气的黏性系数时取了不正确的值，所以结果有一点小偏差。审视在他之后电子电荷测定的历史，我们发现这很有趣。倘若你把这些结果当成一个时间变量函数，你发现一个略大于密立根的结果，其后几个又略大于这个结果，最后确定了一个更高的数据。

   （译注：密立根测值偏小的原因，除费曼指出的空气黏度外，还有其他科研人员认为实验中没有考虑到科里奥利力）

二、又想起另两幅图片

2.1  李政道老师“测量μ子到正负电子衰变的分支比”

   在孙昌璞院士2022年《当代理论物理发展趋势之我见—杨振宁学术思想启发的若干思考》的第 010101-5 页里，有下图（原文“图3”）：

图2  图 3  1957 年李-杨的理论预言影响了测量μ子到正负电子衰变的分支比的误差处理: 测量每一次实验的中值都落在前一次实验误差范围内, 10 年后逼近预言3/4 而稳定

Fig. 3. Li and Yang’s theoretical prediction in 1957 had affected the error processing in measurement about the branching ratio of decays of μ to positron and electron: the median value of each experiment fell within the error range of the previous experiments, and after 10 years, it approached and became stale on the predicted value of 3/4.

https://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/cn/article/doi/10.7498/aps.71.20212307

http://mp.ihep.ac.cn/article/id/10464

   该图片似乎引用自何祚麻院士1996年《科学实验中的“双盲”准则》的“图2”。

   但是李政道教授却注意到以下的事实：

   “将实验测得的ρ值随测定时间的变化作图表示出来是很发人深省的。从图2可以看出，历史上ρ值≈0开始，慢慢增长，直到1957年有了理论预测后， 才逐渐变为ρ=3/4。但是，值得注意的是，每一次‘新’ 的实验值都从来没有落在前一次实验所标的误差限之外。”（175~176页）

   可是，当“前人的实验”和“理论的预测”存在着明显的分歧时，具有复杂“心态”的实验家们往往就“折衷”地“处理”他们的数据了！

2.2  Mendel-Fisher controversy （孟德尔-费希尔争议）

https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.aab3846/asset/85a6628e-0e51-4ef7-ab66-8dc841e9d8d0/assets/graphic/350_159_f1.jpeg

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aab3846

图3  A plate of peas.In this photographic plate from Weldon's 1902 article (8), imaqes 1 to 6 and 7 to 12 show a color scale from green to yellow in the seeds of two hybrid pea varieties (with the seed coats removed). Images 13 to 18 show color variation in cotyledons of the same seed, and 19 to 24 show differences between the color of a seed's coat and its cotyledons (though Weldon was not happy with the colors as published). Another, black-and-white plate displayed degrees in the development of wrinkles. Weldon's point was that inherited characters are diverse in ways that a Mendelian perspective, indifferent to developmental context, neither acknowledges nor accounts for.CREDIT: UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

【机器翻译】一盘豌豆。在Weldon 1902年文章（8）的这张照片中，图像1至6和7至12显示了两种杂交豌豆品种种子中从绿色到黄色的色阶（去除了种皮）。图13至18显示了同一种子子叶的颜色变化，图19至24显示了种子外壳和子叶颜色之间的差异（尽管Weldon对公布的颜色不满意）。另一张黑白版显示了皱纹的发展程度。韦尔登的观点是，从孟德尔的角度来看，遗传特征是多样的，对发展背景漠不关心，既不承认也不解释。学分：利兹大学

参考资料：

[1] 2023-05-23，费曼，R.P. /Feynman, Richard Phillips/戴念祖，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=116775&Type=bkzyb&SubID=61860

[2] Cargo Cult Science. by RICHARD P. FEYNMAN, Some remarks on science, pseudoscience, and learning how to not fool yourself., Cal tech's 1974 commencement address. 

https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/2/CargoCult.pdf

[3] Cargo Cult Science, by RICHARD P. FEYNMAN, Some remarks on science, pseudoscience, and learning how to not fool yourself. Caltech’s 1974 commencement address.

https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/2/CargoCult.htm

[4] Cargo Cult Science, Richard Feynman, From a Caltech commencement address given in 1974, Also in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!  

https://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~ravenben/cargocult.html

[5] Cargo Cult Science, Richard Feynman, From a Caltech commencement address given in 1974, Also in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! 

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/neurotheory/Ken/cargo_cult.html

[6] "Cargo Cult Science" by Richard Feynman, (Adapted from a Caltech commencement address given in 1974; taken from the book "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!")  

https://www.nhn.ou.edu/~johnson/Education/Capstone/Ethics/1974-CargoCultScience-Feynman.pdf

[7] Cargo Cult Science, by RICHARD P. FEYNMAN, Some remarks on science, pseudoscience, and learning how to not fool yourself., Cal tech's 1974 commencement address. 

https://paulsteinhardt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/CargoCult.pdf

[8] Richard Feynman: 'The first principle is that you must not fool yourself.' Cargo-Cult Science speech, Caltech - 1974, 14 June 1974, Caltech, California, USA

https://speakola.com/grad/richard-feynman-caltech-1974

[9] 庆承瑞, 何祚麻. 科学实验中的“双盲”准则[J]. 现代物理知识, 1996, 8(01): 27-29.

http://mp.ihep.ac.cn/article/id/10464

[10] 孙昌璞. 当代理论物理发展趋势之我见 —杨振宁学术思想启发的若干思考[J]. 物理学报, 2022, 71(1): 010101.

doi:  10.7498/aps.71.20212307

Sun Chang-Pu. My prospective on the contemporary trend of theoretical physics inspired by Chen-Ning Yang. Acta Phys. Sin., 2022, 71(1): 010101.

https://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/cn/article/doi/10.7498/aps.71.20212307

[11] 王鑫, 张慧琴, 孙昌璞. 用科学精神抵御学术滑向灰色地带[J]. 科学与社会, 2023, 13(01): 1-15.

doi:  10.19524/j.cnki.10-1009/g3.2023.01.001

http://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=7109351460&from=Qikan_Search_Index

https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ChlQZXJpb2RpY2FsQ0hJTmV3UzIwMjMxMjI2EhFreGRzaGR5eDIwMjMwMTAwMRoIYXExNWdlODU%3D

https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=s8areCsbC9C-qok7lSNCRWdG-WzaGIe3bH2mjvHaxCQbsjU0jfxOkjtYl89XeputaxnYy7Rt-1fbcYCqOQ17vyfeMEkWvuvnIWt6OtUIXAxuplSwJo_N8jfGWwjuDwda_zwxX_De7oi9gWYNixbAEQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS

[12] Gregory Radick. Beyond the "Mendel-Fisher controversy"[J]. SCIENCE, 2015, 350 (6257): ‏ 159-160. OCT 9 2015.

doi:  10.1126/science.aab3846

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aab3846

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6257/159

[13] Richard Feynman, American physicist, britannica

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Feynman

[14] Richard Phillips Feynman, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Feynman/

[15] The Official Site of Richard Feynman

http://www.richardfeynman.com/about/bio.html

[16] The Feynman Lectures on Physics

https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/

相关链接：

[1] 2024-08-30，[物理，实验，打听] 李政道老师“测量μ子到正负电子衰变的分支比”的原始数据和图片

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1448940.html

[2] 2024-07-16，[讨论，随感] 一两个物理实验，不足以肯定一个物理理论

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1442549.html

[3] 2024-07-15，[笔记，随感] 物理理论与物理实验

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1442409.html

[4] 2020-12-1，[建议] 重复孟德尔的生物学豌豆实验

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1260648.html

[5] 2021-01-13，[建议] 广泛重复自然科学各个学科中100多年前的那些经典实验

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1267037.html

[6] 2023-07-14，“电磁学的实验再检验”：经典电磁学实验当代再检验的起因、意义要点

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1395251.html

[7] 2022-09-28，历史上经典科学实验的现代再检验：“硬凑”的逻辑

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1357231.html

[8] 2019-04-06，[呼吁] 经典电磁学实验的现代高精度、高稳定性再检验！

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1171840.html

感谢您的指教！

感谢您指正以上任何错误！

感谢您提供更多的相关资料！