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[笔记,科普,资料] 诺贝尔奖相关知识与资料
诺贝尔: Alfred Bernhard Nobel, 1833-10-21 ~ 1869-12-10, 63
诺贝尔奖: Nobel Prize
诺贝尔奖得主: Nobel Prize laureate
图1 am-tu-showing-medal-1067-landscape-medium-2x.webp
Tu Youyou showing her Nobel Prize medal, 11 December 2015. © Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud.
屠呦呦展示她的诺贝尔奖奖章,2015年12月11日。©诺贝尔媒体。照片:亚历山大·马哈茂德。
https://www.nobelprize.org/images/am-tu-showing-medal-1067-landscape-medium-2x.jpg
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/
以下来自“诺贝尔奖官方网站”: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/
汉语来自机器翻译。
一、Full text of Alfred Nobel’s will 阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔遗嘱全文节选
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/full-text-of-alfred-nobels-will-2/
Swedish
Öfver hela min återstående realiserbara förmögenhet förfogas på följande sätt: kapitalet, af utredningsmännen realiserade till säkra värdepapper, skall utgöra en fond, hvars ränta årligen utdelas som prisbelöning åt dem, som under det förlupne året hafva gjort menskligheten den största nytta. Räntan delas i fem lika delar som tillfalla: en del den som inom fysikens område har gjort den vigtigaste upptäckt eller uppfinning; en del den som har gjort den vigtigaste kemiska upptäck eller förbättring; en del den som har gjort den vigtigaste upptäckt inom fysiologiens eller medicinens domän; en del den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk rigtning; och en del åt den som har verkat mest eller best för folkens förbrödrande och afskaffande eller minskning af stående armeer samt bildande och spridande af fredskongresser. Prisen för fysik och kemi utdelas af Svenska Vetenskapsakademien; för fysiologiska eller medicinska arbeten af Carolinska institutet i Stockholm; för litteratur af Akademien i Stockholm samt för fredsförfäktare af ett utskott af fem personer som väljas af Norska Stortinget. Det är min uttryckliga vilja att vid prisutdelningarne intet afseende fästes vid någon slags nationalitetstillhörighet sålunda att den värdigaste erhåller priset, antingen han är Skandinav eller ej.
English
All of my remaining realisable assets are to be disbursed as follows: the capital, converted to safe securities by my executors, is to constitute a fund, the interest on which is to be distributed annually as prizes to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The interest is to be divided into five equal parts and distributed as follows: one part to the person who made the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; one part to the person who made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who, in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction; and one part to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry are to be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical achievements by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that when awarding the prizes, no consideration be given to nationality, but that the prize be awarded to the worthiest person, whether or not they are Scandinavian.
【机器翻译】,个别之处进行了人工修改。
【自瑞典语】我所有剩余的可变现资产将按如下方式支付:由我的执行人转换为安全证券的资本将构成一个基金,其利息将作为奖金每年分配给那些在前一年为人类带来最大利益的人。利息分为五个相等的部分,分配如下:一部分给在物理学领域做出最重要发现或发明的人;一部分给做出最重要化学发现或改进的人;在生理学或医学领域做出最重要发现的人的一部分;一部分是在文学领域,以理想主义的方向创作出最优秀作品的人;还有一部分奖励为促进国家间友谊、废除或减少常备军以及建立和促进和平大会做出最大或最好贡献的人。物理和化学奖将由瑞典科学院颁发;斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡学院生理或医学成就奖;斯德哥尔摩学院文学系;以及由挪威议会选出的五人委员会为和平卫士举行的会议。我明确希望在颁发奖项时,不考虑国籍,而是将奖项颁发给最有价值的人,无论他们是否是斯堪的纳维亚人。
【自英译】我所有剩余的可变现资产将按如下方式支付:由我的执行人转换为安全证券的资本将构成一个基金,其利息将作为奖金每年分配给那些在前一年为人类带来最大利益的人。利息分为五个相等的部分,分配如下:一部分给在物理学领域做出最重要发现或发明的人;一部分给做出最重要化学发现或改进的人;在生理学或医学领域做出最重要发现的人的一部分;一部分是在文学领域,以理想主义的方向创作出最优秀作品的人;还有一部分奖励为促进国家间友谊、废除或减少常备军以及建立和促进和平大会做出最大或最好贡献的人。物理和化学奖将由瑞典科学院颁发;斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡学院生理或医学成就奖;斯德哥尔摩学院文学系;以及由挪威议会选出的五人委员会为和平卫士举行的会议。我明确希望在颁发奖项时,不考虑国籍,而是将奖项颁发给最有价值的人,无论他们是否是斯堪的纳维亚人。
二、Nobel Prize Lessons – Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖的课程——阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔和诺贝尔奖
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel-and-the-nobel-prize/
This is a step-by-step timetable for the Nobel Prize Lesson Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize. This lesson package consists of four parts: a slide show with a speaker’s manuscript for the teacher, two short videos, a student worksheet, and this teacher’s guide. The lesson is designed to take 45 minutes.
这是诺贝尔奖课程阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔和诺贝尔奖的分步时间表。本课程包由四个部分组成:为老师准备的带有演讲者手稿的幻灯片、两个短视频、学生工作表和本教师指南。这节课设计为45分钟。
三、Multiple Nobel Prize laureates 多次获得诺贝尔奖的得主
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/
3.1 一人多次
John Bardeen,
Marie Curie, née Skłodowska,
Linus Carl Pauling,
Frederick Sanger,
K. Barry Sharpless,
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
3.2 Married couples (at the time of the award) 夫妇(颁奖时)
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/
Marie Curie, née Skłodowska, Pierre Curie
Irène Joliot-Curie, Frédéric Joliot
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gunnar Myrdal, Alva Myrdal
May-Britt Moser, Edvard I. Moser
Esther Duflo, Abhijit Banerjee
3.3 Mother & daughter 母亲和女儿
Marie Curie, née Skłodowska, Irène Joliot-Curie
3.4 Father & daughter 父女
Pierre Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie
3.5 Father & son 父子
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
Niels Henrik David Bohr, Aage Niels Bohr
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin, Ulf von Euler
Arthur Kornberg, Roger D. Kornberg
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, Kai M. Siegbahn
Joseph John Thomson, George Paget Thomson
Sune K. Bergström, Svante Pääbo
3.6 Brothers 兄弟
Jan Tinbergen, Nikolaas Tinbergen
3.7 Why are the individuals and organisations awarded a Nobel Prize called Nobel Prize laureates? 为什么个人和组织被授予诺贝尔奖,称为诺贝尔奖桂冠?
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/
The word “laureate” refers to being signified by the laurel wreath. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is represented wearing a laurel wreath on his head. A laurel wreath is a circular crown made of branches and leaves of the bay laurel (in Latin: Laurus nobilis). In Ancient Greece, laurel wreaths were awarded to victors as a sign of honour – both in athletic competitions and in poetic meets.
“桂冠”一词指的是月桂花环。在希腊神话中,阿波罗神被描绘成头上戴着月桂花冠。月桂花环是由月桂(拉丁语:Laurus nobilis)的树枝和叶子制成的圆形花冠。在古希腊,无论是在体育比赛还是诗歌比赛中,桂冠都被授予胜利者作为荣誉的象征。
四、Quick facts 要点
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/
Awards: 621
Laureates: 1000
Prize categories: 6
Awards to women: 65
Awarded organisations: 27
Youngest laureate: 17
Oldest laureate: 97
颁奖个数:621
获奖者:1000人
奖项类别:6
女性奖获奖人数:65
获奖组织数目:27
最年轻的获奖者:17
最年长的获奖者:97岁
Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–2023: 117 prizes awarded to 225 laureates.
诺贝尔物理学奖
1901年至2023年:117个奖项颁发给225位获奖者。
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–2023: 115 prizes awarded to 194 laureates.
诺贝尔化学奖
1901年至2023年:194名获奖者获得115个奖项。
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1901–2023: 114 prizes awarded to 227 laureates.
诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
1901年至2023年:227名获奖者获得114个奖项。
Nobel Prize in Literature
1901–2023: 116 prizes awarded to 120 laureates.
诺贝尔文学奖
1901年至2023年:向120名获奖者颁发了116个奖项。
Nobel Peace Prize
1901–2023: 104 prizes awarded to 141 laureates.
诺贝尔和平奖
1901年至2023年:向141名获奖者颁发了104个奖项。
Prize in economic sciences
1901–2023: 55 prizes awarded to 93 laureates.
经济科学奖
1901年至2023年:55个奖项颁发给93位获奖者。
五、Nobel Prize facts 诺贝尔奖事实
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/
图2 截止到 2024-07-23 颁发了 621 个 Nobel Prizes
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/
图3 诺贝尔奖网站首页截图
参考资料:
[1] Full text of Alfred Nobel’s will
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/full-text-of-alfred-nobels-will-2/
[2] Alfred Nobel’s will
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-will/
[3] Nobel Prize Lessons – Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel-and-the-nobel-prize/
[4] New translation of Alfred Nobel’s will
https://www.nobelprize.org/new-translation-of-alfred-nobels-will/
[5] Nobel Prize facts
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/
推荐阅读:
[1] The Millennium Prize Problems, Clay Mathematics Institute
https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/
[1-2] Arthur Jaffe, 薛博卿译. 千禧年大奖难题之始与未终[J]. 数学文化, 2020, 11(4): 65-74.
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/mc/18380.html
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/articles_list/mc/2043.html
[2] A.M. Turing Award, Association for Computing Machinery
The A.M. Turing Award, sometimes referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing," was named in honor of Alan Mathison Turing (1912–1954), a British mathematician and computer scientist. He made fundamental advances in computer architecture, algorithms, formalization of computing, and artificial intelligence. Turing was also instrumental in British code-breaking work during World War II.
A.M.图灵奖,有时被称为“诺贝尔计算奖”,是为了纪念英国数学家和计算机科学家Alan Mathison Turing(1912-1954)而设立的。他在计算机体系结构、算法、计算形式化和人工智能方面取得了根本性进展。图灵在第二次世界大战期间也在英国的密码破译工作中发挥了重要作用。
[3] The Abel Prize, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
https://abelprize.no/page/about-abel-prize
The Abel Prize – International Prize of Mathematics – Awarded yearly
The Abel Prize is named after Niels Henrik Abel, Norway’s greatest mathematician throughout the times. Abel left lasting marks on the mathematical world. His mathematics have served as a base for a number of major technological breakthroughs, there amongst the development of the internet. The Abel Prize was established by the Norwegian Parliament (The Storting) in 2002, on the occasion the 200-year anniversary of his birth.
阿贝尔奖-国际数学奖-每年颁发
阿贝尔奖以挪威历史上最伟大的数学家尼尔斯·亨里克·阿贝尔的名字命名。阿贝尔在数学界留下了不可磨灭的印记。他的数学为互联网的发展提供了许多重大技术突破的基础。阿贝尔奖由挪威议会(挪威议会)于2002年在他诞辰200周年之际设立。
[4] SCIENCE, 2005-01-07, Special Issue 125th Anniversary, 01 JULY 2005, VOL 309, ISSUE 5731
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/309/5731
[4-2] In Praise of Hard Questions
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.309.5731.76
https://www.science.org/toc/science/309/5731
[4-3] 125
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1115951
Although tempted to review the 25 years of progress since 1980, my colleagues and I went with Fred instead and decided to contemplate the future, this time by posing 25 “Big Questions” along with 100 smaller ones. The choice reflects our belief that questions are more important than answers in shaping the future of science.
尽管我很想回顾自1980年以来的25年进展,但我和我的同事们还是和弗雷德一起决定思考未来,这次提出了25个“大问题”和100个小问题。这一选择反映了我们的信念,即在塑造科学的未来方面,问题比答案更重要。
[4-4] 2019-05-17,《Science 125个前沿问题解读》一书即将出版 |《科学通报》
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-1179598.html
[4-5] 2017-01-22,Science125个科学前沿问题系列解读2016年度汇总|《科学通报》
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-1029192.html
[4-6] 2016-03-18,Science 125个科学前沿问题系列解读 |《科学通报》
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-963412.html
[5] 等你求解!上海交大携手《科学》杂志向全球发布125个科学问题, 2021-04-11, 上海交通大学
https://news.sjtu.edu.cn/mtjj/20210412/145693.html
[5-2] SCIENCE, 2021-04-11, 125 questions: Exploration and discovery, In honor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s 125th Anniversary
https://www.sciencemag.org/collections/125-questions-exploration-and-discovery
相关链接:
[1] 2014-10-09,诺贝尔奖:发给主意,还是发给结果?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-834335.html
[2] 2022-10-06,[小资料] 两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家们
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1358235.html
[3] 2020-06-24,寻找共性:兴旺时期的贝尔实验室,和日本诺贝尔奖井喷
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1239188.html
[4] 2021-08-27,[小资料] 日本政府2001年制定“50年内30个诺贝尔奖”计划时,至少16人已完成诺奖成果
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1301697.html
[5] 2018-12-16,[求证]《诺贝尔奖得主马丁·查尔菲 Martin Chalfie:科研告诉我了什么?》的真伪
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1151889.html
[6] 2014-11-20,[求证] 周光召先生关于“中国本土上第一个获得诺贝尔奖的人”的说法
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-844934.html
[7] 2021-06-03,[求证] 彭罗斯(Roger Penrose)都拿诺贝尔奖了。俺的“高通滤波器”教学创新是不是也该涨价了?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1289534.html
[8] 2024-06-17,[互容,mutual capacitance] “互容”进入教材的情况(美国诺贝尔奖得主,俄罗斯科学院院士)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1438597.html
[9] 2023-01-16,[搞笑?搞哭?汇集] 怎样判断“原创”和“诺贝尔奖成果”?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1372203.html
[10] 2024-04-01,[笔记,数学文化] “千禧年大奖难题”,“发现全新的研究方向或领域”,后者更难能可贵
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1427807.html
[11] 2023-10-26,[最主流,实体的物理实验波形] “费曼电容器充电”的电压波形观察
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1407363.html
[12] 2019-07-02,记忆:南开大学2008年《科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班》
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187783.html
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