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[小资料,科普,原创] 弗莱明1928年偶然发现点青霉菌(青霉素)——原始创新
弗莱明: Sir Alexander Fleming, 1881-08-06 ~ 1955-03-11, 73
青霉素: penicillin
弗洛里: Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey, 1898-09-24 ~ 1968-02-21, 69
钱恩: Sir Ernst Boris Chain, 1906-06-19 ~ 1979-08-12, 73
阿尔伯特·亚历山大: Albert Alexander, 1898 ~ 1941-03-15, 43
图1 Sir Alexander Fleming, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945
https://www.nobelprize.org/images/fleming-13037-portrait-mini-2x.jpg
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/facts/
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/summary/
图2 弗莱明 Sir Alexander Fleming, 1881-08-06 ~ 1955-03-11,73
https://cdn.britannica.com/91/591-050-AF93D1CF/Alexander-Fleming.jpg
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/facts/
Work
Among microorganisms, life is a constant battle for survival. Alexander Fleming became interested in this. He used to leave bowls with bacteria cultures standing by his worktable. In 1928 he saw that in addition to bacteria, a mold fungus had begun to grow in a bowl and that the bacteria's growth had been impeded in the vicinity of the mold. He concluded that the mold contained a substance that was effective against bacteria. The substance was given the name penicillin and became the basis for medication to treat bacterial infections.
工作
【机器翻译】在微生物中,生命是一场不断的生存之战。亚历山大·弗莱明对此感兴趣。他曾在工作桌旁留下带有细菌培养物的碗。1928年,他看到,除了细菌外,一种霉菌也开始在碗里生长,细菌在模具附近的生长被阻止。他得出的结论是,该模具含有一种对细菌有效的物质。该物质被称为青霉素,并成为治疗细菌感染的药物基础。
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/facts/
一、中国大百科全书
1928年,他在被霉菌污染的金黄色葡萄球菌培养皿中偶然发现生长一种青绿色霉菌——点青霉菌菌落,霉菌菌落周围的葡萄球菌菌落被溶解,可见青霉菌分泌物可抑菌,他称之为青霉素,并证明它不干扰白细胞的功能,对实验动物无毒,为一种有效的杀菌剂。
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=534544&Type=bkzyb&SubID=260674
二、弗莱明的诺贝尔演讲,1945-12-11
Sir Alexander Fleming, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/lecture/
https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fleming-lecture.pdf
In my first publication I might have claimed that I had come to the conclusion, as a result of serious study of the literature and deep thought, that valuable antibacterial substances were made by moulds and that I set out to investigate the problem. That would have been untrue and I preferred to tell the truth that penicillin started as a chance observation. My only merit is that I did not neglect the observation and that I pursued the subject as a bacteriologist. My publication in 1929 was the starting-point of the work of others who developed penicillin especially in the chemical field.
Penicillin was not the first antibiotic I happened to discover. In 1922, I described lysozyme - a powerful antibacterial ferment which had a most extraordinary lytic effect on some bacteria. A thick milky suspension of bacteria could be completely cleared in a few seconds by a fraction of a drop of human tears or egg white. Or if lysozyme-containing material was incorporated in agar filling a ditch cut in an agar plate, and then different microbes were streaked across the plate up to the ditch, it was seen that the growth of some of them would cease at a considerable distance from the gutter.
【机器翻译】在我的第一份出版物中,我可能声称,经过对文献的认真研究和深入思考,我得出了这样的结论,即有价值的抗菌物质是由霉菌制成的,我开始调查这个问题。这是不真实的,我更愿意说实话,青霉素最初只是一种偶然的观察。我唯一的优点是,我没有忽视观察,我以细菌学家的身份从事这一课题。我在1929年的出版物是其他开发青霉素的人工作的起点,尤其是在化学领域。
青霉素并不是我偶然发现的第一种抗生素。1922年,我描述了溶菌酶——一种强大的抗菌发酵剂,对一些细菌有着非凡的溶解作用。几秒钟内,一滴人类眼泪或蛋清就可以完全清除厚厚的乳白色细菌悬浮液。或者,如果将含有溶菌酶的材料加入琼脂中,填充琼脂板上切割的沟渠,然后将不同的微生物划过琼脂板直至沟渠,可以看出,其中一些微生物的生长将在距离沟渠相当远的地方停止。
三、清华大学医学院,2017-10-06,偶然与必然:记青霉素之父亚历山大·弗莱明爵士
1928年,弗莱明读到了一篇由Bigger等发表的有关最新金葡菌变异的文章,而金葡菌正是导致医院内交叉感染的主要致病菌。这篇文章引起了弗莱明的极大兴趣,他开始重复这项研究。同时他也从这篇文章中有关金葡菌长时间室温培养能产生变异的结论中受到启发,并养成了一个习惯:在清洗实验中用过的培养皿前,先在室温中放置培养皿一段较长的时间并进行观察。
谁能想到就是这个看似偶然实则严谨的习惯给他带来了伟大的发现,也给医学界解决了一个重大的难题。
1928年7月下旬,弗莱明将一些未清洗的培养皿放在试验台上就去度假了,一个多月后当他回来后,发现有一个培养皿的边缘有一块区域因溶菌而显示出惨白色。对细菌研究敏感的他立即着手对这株杂菌进行了研究,在这一过程中他发现了青霉素。
罗纳尔德·海尔认为,不管是偶然还是预先设计,当初那个装有葡萄球菌的培养皿里应该恰巧有一个霉菌孢子。在弗莱明度假的那段时间,最初几天伦敦的天气条件适宜于霉菌的生长,而对葡萄球菌不利,于是霉菌生长并产生出青霉素。后来伦敦出现一段高温天气,葡萄球菌开始快速生长形成菌落,后发生被青霉素溶解的现象。而也有其他学者认为,这个培养皿在被加入葡萄球菌并培养之前,或许就已经有霉菌菌落了,因为当时发现的霉菌四周的葡萄球菌并没有被溶解掉。
参考资料:
[1] Sir Alexander Fleming, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/facts/
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/summary/
[2] 2023-07-04,弗莱明,A. /Alexander Fleming/祝捷,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=534544&Type=bkzyb&SubID=260674
1928年,他在被霉菌污染的金黄色葡萄球菌培养皿中偶然发现生长一种青绿色霉菌——点青霉菌菌落,霉菌菌落周围的葡萄球菌菌落被溶解,可见青霉菌分泌物可抑菌,他称之为青霉素,并证明它不干扰白细胞的功能,对实验动物无毒,为一种有效的杀菌剂。
[3] 清华大学医学院,2017-10-06,偶然与必然:记青霉素之父亚历山大·弗莱明爵士
[4] 北京科协,2022-09-03,回眸 | 人类最伟大的发明——青霉素的曲折发现历史
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fdqe8qlrIVHZVnOjDXfMbw
94年前的今天(1928年9月3日),英国著名细菌学家、医学家弗莱明发现青霉素,为使用抗生素治疗传染病开辟了道路,也标志着人类进入了合成新药的新时代。
[5] 科普中国,2022-04-18,第一位接受青霉素临床治疗的病人,究竟因为什么死亡?
https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=95224
相关链接:
[1] 2022-05-27,[科普] 第一位接受青霉素临床治疗的病人阿尔伯特·亚历山大(Albert Alexander)的病因
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1340495.html
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