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[打听,小资料] “双缝实验 double slit experiment”的权威和最新实验证据
双缝实验: double slit experiment
光的二象性: duality of light
波粒二象性: wave-particle duality
德布罗意波: de Broglie wave
电子: electron
以单色光的双狭缝干涉实验为例,通常情况下屏幕上呈现的干涉图样与波动说的计算结果符合。但在光源的光强非常微弱的情况下差别就显示了出来。根据波动说,当光源的光强逐渐减小时,干涉图样应按比例逐渐变暗,而它的几何形状则不变。但实验中光非常弱时,改用光电倍增管代替屏幕来接收光,实验显示光逐渐变弱时干涉图样逐渐消失,代之出现的是一个个到达的光子,到达原亮纹处的光子多些,到达原暗纹处的光子少些或没有,只是统计的结果,光子的空间分布与原来的干涉图样符合。由此可见,光并不像是水面上那种波动,也不像空中飞行的子弹,因为子弹不可能发生干涉现象。
如双狭缝干涉实验,每个光子都有一定的概率同时通过两个狭缝,这样才产生了干涉图样;如果硬是设法使哪些光子经过哪个狭缝,就不会出现干涉图样。
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=196079&Type=bkzyb
光的二象性/duality of light/
假设光子是一个一个的通过狭缝,那么,会出现什么物理状况?1909 年,为了解答这问题,杰弗里·泰勒爵士设计并且完成了一个很精致的双缝实验。这实验将入射光束的强度大大降低,在任何时间间隔内,平均最多只有一个光子被发射出来。经过很久时间,累积许多光子于摄影胶片后,他发现,仍旧会出现类似的干涉图样。很清楚地,这意味着,虽然每次只有一个光子通过狭缝,这光子可以同时通过两条狭缝,自己与自己互相干涉!类似地,电子、中子、原子、甚至分子,都可以表现出这种奇异的量子行为。
https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=219310
图1 The wave pattern for electrons passing through a double slit, one-at-a-time. If you measure “which slit” the electron goes through, you destroy the quantum interference pattern shown here. However, the wave-like behavior remains so long as the electrons have a de Broglie wavelength that's smaller than the size of the slit they're passing through. This wave-like and particle-like behavior has been demonstrated for electrons, photons, and even larger, composite entities.
电子通过双缝的波形,每次一个。如果你测量电子穿过的“哪个狭缝”,你就会破坏这里显示的量子干涉模式。然而,只要电子的德布罗意波长小于它们穿过的狭缝的大小,这种波状行为就会保持。这种波浪状和粒子状的行为已经在电子、光子甚至更大的复合实体中得到了证明。
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Double-slit_experiment_results_Tanamura_four.jpg
https://plus.maths.org/content/physics-minute-double-slit-experiment-0?page=0
图2 The Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi Two-Slit Electron-Interference Experiment Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi双狭缝电子干涉实验
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00016-011-0079-0/figures/3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00016-011-0079-0
The formation of electron-interference fringes inside the interference region W and particle dots outside it with increasing electron-current densities as seen on a television monitor in the viewing plane VP. Source: Merli, Missiroli, and Pozzi, “On the statistical aspect” (ref. 1), p. 306, Fig. 1
图3 Mask movement. A mask is moved over a double-slit (inset) and the resulting probability distributions are shown. The mask allows the blocking of one slit, both slits, or neither slit in a non destructive way. The individual slits are 62 nm wide and separated by 272 nm. The mask has a 4.5 μm wide opening. The labeled dimensions are the positions of the center of the mask. P1, P2, and P12 are the probability distributions shown in figure 1. (See supplementary movie 1 (available from stacks.iop.org/NJP/15/033018/mmedia) for more positions of the mask.)
掩模运动。将掩模移动到双狭缝(插图)上,并显示所得到的概率分布。该掩模允许以非破坏性的方式阻挡一个狭缝、两个狭缝或两个狭缝。各个狭缝的宽度为62nm,并且间隔272nm。掩模有一个4.5微米宽的开口。标记的尺寸是遮罩中心的位置。P1、P2和P12是如图1所示的概率分布。(关于掩模的更多位置,请参阅补充电影1(可从stacks.iop.org/NJP/15/033018/mmedia获得)。)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018
参考资料:
[1] 科普中国,2021-12-31,双缝实验
https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=219310
[2] University of Cambridge, 2020-11-19, Physics in a minute: The double slit experiment
https://plus.maths.org/content/physics-minute-double-slit-experiment-0?page=0
[3] Rodolfo Rosa. The Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi Two-Slit Electron-Interference Experiment [J]. Physics in Perspective, 2012, 14(2): 178-195.
doi: 0.1007/s00016-011-0079-0
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00016-011-0079-0
[4] 2022-01-20,光/light/郭奕玲,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=132834&Type=bkzyb&SubID=95642
[5] 2023-08-01,光子/photon/裴寿镛、吴令安,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=215506&Type=bkzyb&SubID=146659
对于光子的更进一步的认识尚在进行中。
[6] 2022-06-04,光的二象性/duality of light/胡望雨,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=196079&Type=bkzyb
[7] 2023-06-07,光的干涉/light interference/胡望雨,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=196081&Type=bkzyb
[8] 2022-01-20,光的衍射/diffraction of light/胡望雨,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=196082&Type=bkzyb
按光源、障碍物和观察幕的位置关系,常把衍射分为菲涅耳衍射和夫琅禾费衍射两类。
[9] 2022-01-20,光的相干性/coherence of light/李师群、崔宏滨,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=139569&Type=bkzyb&SubID=95643
[10] 2022-12-23,光场的高阶相干性/high-order coherence/吴金辉,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=215766&Type=bkzyb&SubID=146675
[11] 2022-01-20,量子相干效应/quantum coherence effect/王荣明,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=272510&Type=bkzyb&SubID=152339
在经典理论中,波是经典波,反映振动在介质中的传播,干涉使得振动加强或减弱,表现为稳定的强度分布,如在著名的杨氏双缝实验中,穿过两个平行狭缝的光在荧光屏上发生干涉,形成一系列明暗交替的条纹。而在量子理论中,发生干涉的是描述微观粒子的概率波,量子干涉使得量子态出现的概率增大或减小,表现为稳定的概率分布。
[12] 2022-12-23,惠勒延迟选择实验/Wheeler's delayed choice experiment/何琼毅,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=215805&Type=bkzyb&SubID=146687
[13] BIG THINK, 2023-04-13,, Measuring reality really does affect what you observe
https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/measuring-reality-affect-observe/
[14] Roger Bach, Damian Pope2, Sy-Hwang Liou, Herman Batelaan. Controlled double-slit electron diffraction [J]. New Journal of Physics, 2013, 15(3): 033018.
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018
相关链接:
[1] 2023-12-18,[打听,小资料] “波粒二象性 wave-particle duality”的权威和最新实验证据
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1414400.html
[2] 2023-12-16,[讨论] 狭隘的“存在即被感知, esse est percipi, to be is to be perceived”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1414107.html
[2] 2019-07-01,[请教] 量子集成电路、量子芯片 Quantum Chip 今后30年内的实用前景?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187623.html
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