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[小资料,趣闻] 贝克莱 George Berkeley 的“科研成果”
贝克莱: George Berkeley
马赫: Ernst Mach
时空: space-time
惯性: inertia
先驱: precursor
无穷小: infinitesimal
解析函数论: Theory of Analytic Functions
引力模型: gravity model
乔治·贝克莱 George Berkeley, 1685-03-12 ~ 1753-01-14
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Berkeley
贝克莱是一位才华横溢且涉猎广泛的哲学家,对宗教、视觉心理学、数学、物理学、道德哲学、经济学和医学等学科都十分感兴趣。他有3部代表作,分别是《视觉新论》(1709)、《人类知识原理》(1710)、《海拉斯和斐洛诺斯的三篇对话》(1713),这3部早期著作也奠定了贝克莱在哲学史上的重要地位。
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=300445&Type=bkzyb&SubID=102049
一、马赫和爱因斯坦的先驱:反对牛顿的绝对时空,1721
Mach’s principle, in cosmology, hypothesis that the inertial forces experienced by a body in nonuniform motion are determined by the quantity and distribution of matter in the universe. It was so called by Albert Einstein after the 19th-century Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. Einstein found the hypothesis helpful in formulating his theory of general relativity—i.e., it was suggestive of a connection between geometry and matter—and attributed the idea to Mach, unaware that the English philosopher George Berkeley had proposed similar views during the 1700s. (Berkeley had argued that all motion, both uniform and nonuniform, was relative to the distant stars.) Einstein later abandoned the principle when it was realized that inertia is implicit in the geodesic equation of motion and need not depend on the existence of matter elsewhere in the universe.
【机器翻译】马赫原理,在宇宙学中,假设物体在非均匀运动中所受的惯性力由宇宙中物质的数量和分布决定。它是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以19世纪奥地利物理学家和哲学家恩斯特·马赫的名字命名的。爱因斯坦发现这一假设有助于建立他的广义相对论,即它暗示了几何和物质之间的联系,并将这一想法归因于马赫,他不知道英国哲学家乔治·伯克利在18世纪提出了类似的观点。(伯克利曾认为,所有的运动,无论是均匀的还是非均匀的,都是相对于遥远的恒星而言的。)爱因斯坦后来放弃了这一原理,因为他意识到惯性隐含在测地线运动方程中,不必依赖于宇宙中其他地方物质的存在。
https://www.britannica.com/science/Machs-principle
On his return he published his De Motu (1721), which rejected Sir Isaac Newton’s absolute space, time, and motion, gave a veiled hint of his immaterialism, and in the 20th century earned him the title “precursor of Mach and Einstein.”
【机器翻译】回国后,他出版了《德莫图》(1721),拒绝了艾萨克·牛顿爵士的绝对空间、时间和运动,含蓄地暗示了他的非物质主义,并在20世纪为他赢得了“马赫和爱因斯坦的先驱”的称号。
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Berkeley/Period-of-his-major-works
二、批评早期微积分里的“无穷小”,1734
微积分自创立以来,其不严格的基础曾屡遭攻击,特别是英国哲学家、主教G.伯克利(George Berkeley,1685~1753)在《分析学家》(The Analyst,1734)中注意到微积分使用无穷小量在逻辑上的缺陷。尽管他的批评在数学上缺乏说服力,但却不得不使数学家们更加谨慎和认真地来对待这个问题。
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=233243&Type=bkzyb&SubID=63176
三、地理学里的“引力模型”,1713
早在1713年,G.柏克莱(George Berkeley,1685-03-12~1753-01-14)提出了地理学的引力模型的概念。
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=496835&Type=bkzyb&SubID=219631
参考资料:
[1] 2022-01-20,贝克莱,G. /George Berkeley/王妺,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=300445&Type=bkzyb&SubID=102049
[2] Mach’s principle, astronomy, britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Machs-principle
[3] 2023-05-30,《解析函数论》/Theory of Analytic Functions/王涛,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=233243&Type=bkzyb&SubID=63176
[4] 2023-07-18,引力模型/gravity model/陈彦光,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=496835&Type=bkzyb&SubID=219631
[5] 乔治·贝克莱,百度百科
一回,贝克莱突发奇想,想知道上吊是什么感觉,然后他就上吊了,幸好有朋友及时赶到,救了他一命。
贝克莱嘲笑那无穷小量是“已死量的幽灵。”这种攻击正是抓住了原初微积分理论中的缺陷,是切中要害的。数学史上称之为“贝克莱悖论”。
相关链接:
[1] 2023-12-12,[原创有多难] 贝克莱 George Berkeley,爱因斯坦,马赫原理
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1413594.html
[2] 2023-12-16,[讨论] 狭隘的“存在即被感知, esse est percipi, to be is to be perceived”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1414107.html
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