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[小资料] 场效应晶体管 FET:多材料栅极
场效应晶体管: field effect transistor; FET
三材料栅极: tri-material gate
跨开栅极装置结构: straddle gate device structure
短沟道效应: short channel effect
无结晶体管: junctionless transistor
纳米线晶体管: nanowire transistor
超薄体场效应晶体管: extremely thin silicon on insulator field effect transistor; ETSOI
一、人类生产的 1022 个晶体管,其中 99.9% 是 MOS器件
在美国工程技术界评出二十世纪最伟大的 20 项工程技术成就“Electronics 电子技术”时间表里,有 2条与场效应晶体管有关:
http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3956
1962 MOSFET is invented
The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is invented by engineers Steven Hofstein and Frederic Heiman at RCA's research laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. Although slower than a bipolar junction transistor, a MOSFET is smaller and cheaper and uses less power, allowing greater numbers of transistors to be crammed together before a heat problem arises. Most microprocessors are made up of MOSFETs, which are also widely used in switching applications.
1962年 MOSFET被发明
金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)是由工程师 Steven Hofstein 和Frederic Heiman 在 RCA 位于新泽西州普林斯顿的研究实验室发明的。尽管 MOSFET 比双极结晶体管慢,但它更小、更便宜、功耗更低,可以在出现热问题之前将更多数量的晶体管挤在一起。大多数微处理器由 MOSFET 组成,MOSFET也广泛用于开关应用。
1966 Self-aligned gate process for fabricating field effect transistors
In 1966 Dr. Robert W. Bower invents the self-aligned gate process for fabricating field effect transistors, providing the foundation for later developments establishing the core technology for the fabrication of high performance MOS integrated circuits.
1966年 用于制造场效应晶体管的自对准栅极工艺
1966年,Robert W.Bower 博士发明了用于制造场效应晶体管的自对准栅极工艺,为后来的发展奠定了基础,为制造高性能MOS集成电路的核心技术奠定了基础。
计算机历史博物馆(Computer History Museum) 2018-04-02 说:
Five decades later the industry had shipped 13 sextillion transistors, 99.9 percent of them MOS devices. And the total increases by multiple billions every day.
【截止到2018年】50年后,该行业已经向市场供应了 1.3×1022 个晶体管,其中 99.9% 是 MOS 器件。总的来说,每天都在以几十亿个的速度增长。
二、改进场效应晶体管的栅极:当前主流之一
改进栅极结构,如“栅极改建成一栋大楼”是当前主流。
改进通道(沟道),如“采用多个沟道”也是当前主流。
图1 Evolution of the Field Effect Transistor (FET) Architecture. 场效应晶体管(FET)结构的发展。 2012-06-27
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00475/figures/1
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00475
图2 MBCFET(Multi-Bridge-Channel FET,多桥-通道场效应管)
https://www.eet-china.com/d/file/news/2021-01-04/e86997a9f679587be60bcbc9522e0c42.jpg
https://www.ednchina.com/news/6232.html
图3 Transistors go beyond FinFET. 超越 FinFET 的晶体管。 2023-08-16
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06145-x/figures/4
三、用多种材料制作出一个栅极:1998年的“Straddle Gate Device Structure 跨开栅极装置结构”
在 2022年的《Recent Trends in Novel Semiconductor Devices》第 9213 页“图1 Fig. 1”里,称为“Tri-material gate FinFET 三材料栅极FinFET”:
图4 Schematic of a (a) 3D FinFET structure (b) De-FinFET with high-K (HfO2) over DE (c) Tri-material gate FinFET
(a)3D FinFET 结构示意图(b)De上具有高 K(HfO2)的 De FinFET(c)三材料栅极 FinFET
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12633-022-01694-8
我只找到 1998年的会议论文《Straddle-gate transistor: changing MOSFET channel length between off- and on-state towards achieving tunneling-defined limit of field-effect》作为其最早的出处。
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/746462
实在没有精力再往前找了。
图5 Schematic cross-section of the straddle-gate transistor with a threshold voltage of the side-wall gates smaller than that of inner gate. A back-gate is also shown.
图5 侧壁栅阈值电压小于内栅阈值电压的跨栅晶体管的截面示意图。还显示了一个背面的栅极。
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/746462
参考资料:
[1] 2022-12-23,鳍式场效应晶体管/fin field effect transistor; FinFET/许晓燕,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=109855&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80600
[2] 2023-08-07,体硅鳍式场效应晶体管/bulk silicon fin field effect transistor/殷华湘,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=63615&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80601
[3] Wei Cao, Huiming Bu, Maud Vinet, Min Cao, Shinichi Takagi, Sungwoo Hwang, Tahir Ghani, Kaustav Banerjee. The future transistors [J]. Nature, 2023, 620(7974): 501–515. 16 August 2023
doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06145-x
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06145-x
[4] Archana Pandey. Recent Trends in Novel Semiconductor Devices [J]. Silicon, 2022, 14(15): 9211–9222.
doi: 10.1007/s12633-022-01694-8
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12633-022-01694-8
[5] K. Murali Chandra Babu, Ekta Goel. Evolution of Tunnel Field Effect Transistor for Low Power and High Speed Applications: A Review [J]. Silicon, 2022, 14(17): 11051-11060.
doi: 10.1007/s12633-022-01826-0
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12633-022-01826-0
[6] Sandip Tiwari, J. J. Welser, Paul Id. Solomon. Straddle-gate transistor: changing MOSFET channel length between off- and on-state towards achieving tunneling-defined limit of field-effect [C]. International Electron Devices Meeting 1998. Technical Digest (Cat. No.98CH36217): 737-740.
doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1998.746462
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/746462
[7] 2023-08-19,互补金属氧化物半导体工艺/complementary metal oxide semiconductor process/殷华湘,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=124559&Type=bkzyb&SubID=99062
[8] 2022-12-23,多栅场效应晶体管/multi-gate field effect transistor/黎明,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=201025&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80598
[9] 2023-08-03,三栅场效应晶体管/tri-gate field effect transistor/殷华湘,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=63612&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80599
[10] 2023-08-07,双栅场效应晶体管/double gate field effect transistor; DGFET/卜伟海,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=63611&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80599
[11] 2022-12-23,多沟道桥连场效应晶体管/multi-bridge-channel field effect transistor; MBCFET/黎明,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=202401&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80600
[12] 2022-01-20,短沟道效应/short channel effect/孙兵,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=124114&Type=bkzyb&SubID=99036
场效应晶体管的沟道长度缩小到与源结和漏结的耗尽层宽度数量级相同后,缓变沟道近似于不再适用,当沟道长度缩小时,场效应晶体管的阈值电压减小的现象。在漏极偏置等于电源电压时,短沟道效应尤其显著。
短沟道效应对器件的影响主要有:阈值电压减小;高场下载流子迁移率下降,载流子速度饱和,与电场无关,饱和电流与栅压呈线性关系;电场强度增强,热载流子增多,影响器件寿命;亚阈值电流增加,静态功耗变大等。
抑制短沟道效应的方法主要有:降低器件工作电压、提高沟道掺杂浓度,利用绝缘体上硅(silicon on insulator,SOI)衬底结构、轻掺杂漏(lightly doped drain,LDD)、非均匀掺杂的Halo离子注入、双栅和多栅场效应晶体管结构等。
[13] 2023-08-02,高迁移率沟道/high mobility channel/韩根全,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=123992&Type=bkzyb&SubID=99029
在金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管(metal-oxide-semiconductor field effecttransistor; MOSFET)器件中,具有载流子迁移率比硅高的半导体材料沟道。
[14] 2022-12-23,无结晶体管/junctionless transistor/韩伟华,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=62937&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80584
晶体管的源、漏和沟道具有相同掺杂类型和掺杂浓度,沿导电沟道方向不存在PN结的晶体管。
[15] 2022-12-23,纳米线晶体管/nanowire transistor/韩伟华,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=62939&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80584
导电沟道为纳米线结构的晶体管。
[16] 2023-08-30,垂直纳米线场效应晶体管/vertical nanowire field effect transistor/黎明,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=201168&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80601
沟道为垂直于衬底平面的纳米线结构的场效应晶体管。
[17] 2022-12-23,超薄体场效应晶体管/extremely thin silicon on insulator field effect transistor; ETSOI/黎明,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=123996&Type=bkzyb&SubID=80599
在超薄半导体沟道上制备的场效应晶体管。
[18] 2023-08-19,高性能金属-氧化物-半导体集成电路/high performance metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit/张建人,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]
https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=144721&Type=bkzyb&SubID=100503
相关链接:
[1] 2023-11-13,[打听] 继晶体管、集成电路之后,电路重大突破会出现在哪里?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1409521.html
[2] 2023-11-14,[打听] 哪些新型半导体器件是未来的主流?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1409653.html
[3] 2023-11-15,[悲恸,绝望,崩溃] 创新,有时会气死人吗?(霍尔尼 Hoerni 的平面工艺 planar)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1409771.html
[4] 2023-09-09,[小资料] FinFET(鳍式场效应晶体管 fin field effect transistor)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1402038.html
[5] 2023-09-07,[小资料] 1966年鲍尔(Robert W. Bower)申请的 MOSFET 自对准栅极工艺专利(图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401852.html
[6] 2023-09-06,[小资料] 1963年万拉斯(Frank Marion Wanlass)、萨支唐(Chih-Tang Sah)申请的CMOS专利和论文(图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401741.html
[7] 2023-09-05,[小资料] 1963年霍夫施泰因(Steven R. Hofstein)、海曼(Frederic Paul Heiman)的MOS场效应管论文(部分图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401577.html
[8] 2023-09-04,[小资料] 1960年阿塔拉(Martin (John) M. Atalla)、江大原(Dawon Kahng)申请的MOS场效应管专利(图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401453.html
[9] 2023-09-02,[小资料] 1935年海尔(Oskar Heil)的场效应管专利(图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401242.html
[10] 2023-09-01,[小资料] 1926年利林费尔德(Julius Edgar Lilienfeld)的场效应半导体专利(图片)
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1401136.html
[11] 2023-08-11,[怀旧,回顾,展望] 二极管与非门,场效应晶体管
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1398708.html
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