[小资料] 1922~23年洛舍夫（Oleg Vladimirovich Losev）发现固体放大作用

洛舍夫 Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, 1903-05-10 ~ 1942-01-22

https://ligmancolorlighting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Oleg_losev-768x1027.jpg  

   He explored negative resistance in semiconductor junctions, and was first to use them practically for amplification, building the first solid-state amplifiers, electronic oscillators, and superheterodyne radio receivers, 25 years before the invention of the transistor. However his achievements were overlooked, and languished unknown for half a century before being recognized in the late 20th and early 21st century.

   【机器翻译为主】在晶体管发明25年前，他探索了半导体结中的负电阻，并首次将其实际用于放大，制造了第一个固态放大器、电子振荡器和超外差无线电接收器。然而，他的成就被忽视了，在20世纪末和21世纪初被认可之前，他默默无闻了半个世纪。

   Losev died of starvation in 1942, at the age of 38, along with many other civilians, during the Siege of Leningrad by the Germans during World War 2. It is not known where he was buried.

   1942年，在第二次世界大战期间，洛舍夫与许多其他平民一起死于饥饿，享年38岁。目前还不知道他埋葬在哪里。

   When a DC bias voltage was applied to a cat's whisker detector, in order to increase its sensitivity as a detector in a crystal radio, it occasionally broke into spontaneous oscillation, producing a radio frequency alternating current. This was a negative resistance effect, and had been noticed around 1909 by researchers such as William Henry Eccles and G. W. Pickard. but not much attention had been paid to it. In 1923 Losev began to research these "oscillating crystals" and discovered that biased zincite (zinc oxide) crystals could amplify a signal. Losev was the first to exploit negative resistance diodes practically; he realized that they could serve as simpler, cheaper replacements for vacuum tubes. He used these junctions to build solid-state versions of amplifiers, oscillators, and TRF and regenerative radio receivers, at frequencies up to 5 MHz, 25 years before the transistor. He even built a superheterodyne receiver. However his achievements were overlooked because of the success of vacuum tube technology. The Soviet authorities did not support him, and zincite crystals were hard to come by because they had to be imported from the United States. After ten years he abandoned research into this technology (dubbed "Crystodyne" by Hugo Gernsback), and it was forgotten.

   当向猫须探测器施加直流偏置电压时，为了提高其作为晶体无线电探测器的灵敏度，它偶尔会爆发自发振荡，产生射频交流电。这是一种负阻力效应，在1909年左右，威廉·亨利·埃克尔斯和G.W.皮卡德等研究人员就注意到了这一点。1923年，洛舍夫开始研究这些“振荡晶体”，并发现有偏的锌矿（氧化锌）晶体可以放大信号。洛舍夫是第一个实际使用负阻二极管的人；他意识到它们可以作为更简单、更便宜的真空管替代品。他用这些结制造了固态放大器、振荡器、TRF（Tuned Radio Frequency 调制无线电频率）和再生无线电接收器，频率高达5MHz，比晶体管早了25年。他甚至制造了一个超外差接收器。然而，由于真空管技术的成功，他的成就被忽视了。苏联当局不支持他，锌矿晶体很难买到，因为它们必须从美国进口。十年后，他放弃了对这项技术的研究（被Hugo Gernsback称为“Crystaldyne”），这项技术被遗忘了。

   Negative resistance in diodes was rediscovered in 1956 in the tunnel diode, and today negative resistance diodes like the Gunn diode and IMPATT diode are used in microwave oscillators and amplifiers and are some of the most widely used sources of microwaves.

   1956年，二极管中的负电阻在隧道二极管中被重新发现，如今，像Gunn二极管（冈恩二极管）和IMPATT二极管（雪崩二极管）这样的负电阻二极管被用于微波振荡器和放大器，是一些最广泛使用的微波源。

https://peoplepill.com/people/oleg-losev/

   Unfortunately, the mechanism of Losev’s zincite crystadin has not been explained so far.

   不幸的是，迄今为止，洛舍夫锌矿晶体的作用机制尚未得到解释。

   1942年1月22日，Oleg Vladimirovich Losev 饿死在死于列宁格勒保卫战时期。

参考资料：

[1] 2022-01-20，LED显示技术/light emitting diode display technique/杨盈昀，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=227663&Type=bkzyb&SubID=45289

   1923年，苏联发明家O.V.洛舍夫（Oleg Vladimirovich Losev）发现了SiC（碳化硅）单晶注入的PN结的发光现象。

[2] Who Invented the Transistor? Computer History Museum, 2013-12-04, David Laws

https://computerhistory.org/blog/who-invented-the-transistor/

[3] Oleg Vladimirovich Losev: Pioneer of semiconductor electronics (celebrating one hundred years since his birth)[J]. Physics of the Solid State, 2004, 46(1): 1-4.

doi:  10.1134/1.1641908

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/1.1641908

[4] OLEG LOSEV, RUSSIAN, INVENTOR, AND PHYSICIST

https://peoplepill.com/people/oleg-losev/

[5] Nikolay Zheludev. The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history [J]. Nature Photonics, 2007, 1(4): 189-192.

doi:  10.1038/nphoton.2007.34

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2007.34

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