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232 principles of instructional design

已有 1444 次阅读 2019-5-25 20:27 |系统分类:科研笔记

Principles of Instructional Design

Fourth Edition

Rober M.Gagne

Leslie J.Briggs

Walter W.Wager

pages 53-66

varieties of learning

intellectual skills and strategies

學什麼?

an intellectual skill makes it for possible for an individual to respond to his environment through symbols,language,numbers,and other kinds of symbols represent the actual objects of the person's environment

symbol using in one of the major ways people remember and think about the world in which they live

types of intellectual skills

in solving problems for which instruction has prepared them,learners are requiring some higher-order rules(that is,complex rules),problem solving requires that they recall some simpler,previously learned rules and defined concept,to acquire these rules,learners must have learned some concrete concepts,and to learn these concepts,they must be able to retrieve some previously learned discrimination

levels of complexity in intellectual skills

problem solving

involves the formation of 

higher-order-rules

which require as prerequisites

rules and defined concepts

which require as prerequisites

concrete concepts

which require as prerequisites

discriminations


discriminations

a discrimination is the capability of making different responses to stimuli that differ from each other along one or more physical dimension

children are asked to distinguish between two pictures,one having vertical lines and another horizontal lines or one having a circle and the other a square

the child may be asked to select the block that has the same color as this one from a group of blocks of various colors

the performance that is acquired or to be acquired,what is it that the learner will be able to do after learning that he was bot able to do before?

the internal conditions that must be present for the learning to occur,these consist of capabilities that are recalled from the learner's memory and that then become integrated into the newly acquired capability

the external conditons that provide stimulation to the learner,these may be visually present objects,symbols,pictures,sounds,or meaningful verbal communications


concrete concepts

a concrete concept indentifies an object property or object attribute(color,shape,and so on),such concepts are called concrete because the human performance they require is recognition of a concrete object

examples of object properties are round,square,blue,three,smooth,curved,flat,and so on

在一堆人民幣中找出所有一元

the operation of pointing may be carried out partically in many different ways,it is a matter of choosing,checking,circling,or grasping,frequently,pointing is carried out by naming (labeling)

knowing how to do it 

an important variety of concrete concept is object position

指一指👆,👇,👈,👉,等等

the capability of identifying concrete concepts is fundamentally significant for more complex learning

to acquire the concept rim by way of the definition"the edge of a round thing" the learner must have as prerequisites the concrete concepts"edge" and "round",if he is not able to identify these concretely,it will not be possible for him in any true or complete sense to " know the meaning"of rim


defined concpets

an individual is said to have learned a defined concept when he can demonstrate the meaning of some particular class of objects,events,or relations

many concepts can only be acquired as defined concepts and cannot be identified by pointing to them,as can concrete concepts,familiar examples are family,city,and abstractions like justice


rules

a rule has been learned when it is possible to say with confidence that the learner's performance has a kind of "regularity" over a variety of specific situations,the learner shows that he is able to respond with a class of relationships among classes of objects and events

the basic reasons for the verbal communication are (1) to remind the learner of component concepts to be recalled,and (2) to get the learner to arrange component concepts in the proper order


higher-order rules-problem solving 

school should give priority to teaching students "how to think clearly"

rules play an essential role in problem solving,it is important for a learner to acquires all the rules needed for every situation,concepts and rules must be synthesized into new complex forms for the learner to cope with new problem situations,problem solving for a particular class of tasks is facilitated by adding to a student's repertoire of intellectual skills relevant to thoses tasks,problem solving should be thought of as a human activity that combines previously acquired concepts and rules and not as a generic skill,the ability to solve problems in mathematics does not automatically transfer to solving the mechanical problems of an automobile






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