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1、How the chicken lost its penis
http://www.nature.com/news/how-the-chicken-lost-its-penis-1.13152
The case of the missing bird penis is a longstanding mystery in evolutionary biology. But the identification of a molecular mechanism that controls penis loss in birds goes some way to solving this conundrum.Roughly 97% of avian species sport little or nothing in the way of a phallus, despite reproducing by internal fertilization. A study published today in Current Biology1 shows that the development of chicken penises is cut short by signals that promote cell death.
“This paper would be in Nature or Science if it were about people,” says Richard Prum, an evolutionary ornithologist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. “The whole result is entirely novel.”
, , & Curr. Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062 (2013).
2、Ducks boast large and elaborately coiled penises
Male chickens, which possess only a rudimentary phallic nub, pump their sperm into females using a 'cloacal kiss' a move that presses together the male and female cloacas, openings used for waste excretion and copulation. By contrast, ducks boast large and elaborately coiled penises that can measure about half the length of their bodies2.
, , & Nature413, 128 (2001).
3、Bigger not always better for penis size
, , & Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USAhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1219361110 (2013).
4、Sea slug loses penis after sex but grows another the next day
, , , & Biol. Lett.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1150 (2013).
5、Ostrich penis clears up evolutionary mystery
& J. Zool.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00858.x (2011).
6、How the penis lost its spikes
McLean, C. Y. et al.Nature471, 216-219 (2011).
7、Barnacles trust their sperm to the waves
, , , & Proc. R. Soc. Bhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2919 (2013).
8、The sex wars of ducks(An evolutionary battle against unwanted fertilization.)
Brennan, P. L. R., Clark, C. J. & Prum, R. O. Proc. R. Soc. B advance online publication doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2139 (2009).
9、Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/203/4383/916.short
JONATHAN K. WAAGE.Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer Vol. 203 no. 4383 pp. 916-918 DOI: 10.1126/science.203.4383.916
10、Evolution of a Potential Hormone Antagonist following Gene Splicing during Primate Evolution
http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064610
11、Functions, diversity, and evolution of traumatic mating
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12018/full
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