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Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early stages of evolution of these parasites has been the diffificulty in fifinding parasites with closely related free-living lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasitesfound throughout the flflorideophyte red algal lineage, however, provide a unique and powerful model to investigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is because they share a recent common ancestor with an extant free-living red algal species and parasitism has independently arisen over 100 times within this group. Here, we synthesize the relevant hypotheses with respect to how these parasites have proliferated. We also place red algal research in the context of recent developments in understanding the genome evolution of other eukaryotic photosynthesizers turned parasites.

许多毒性最强和问题最严重的真核细胞病原体是从光合作用祖先进化而来的，如顶复虫，这种生物会导致包括疟疾和弓形虫病在内的多种疾病。了解这些寄生虫早期进化阶段很难，主要障碍是很难找到与之密切相关的自由生活系的寄生虫来做对比。然而，被发现的寄生虫广泛分布在整个红藻中，这为研究寄生虫生活方式的遗传起源提供了一个独特且有力的模型。这是因为它们与现存的自由生活的红藻物种有一个最近的共同的祖先，并且在这个群系中，寄生状态已经独立地出现了100多次。在这里，我们综合了有关这些寄生虫是如何增殖的相关假设。我们还将红藻的研究与其他光合细胞转化为寄生物的基因组进化研究相结合。

参考文献：Red algal parasites: Models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again