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【原创】伊马替尼治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征

已有 4148 次阅读 2020-2-21 18:39 |系统分类:科研笔记

伊马替尼治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征

李翀  中国科学院生物物理研究所

 

摘要:伊马替尼(Imatinib),酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,是一种小分子蛋白激酶抑制剂,临床用于治疗慢性髓性白血病和恶性胃肠道间质肿瘤。急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是肺部的一种炎症过程,以低氧血症为显著特征的临床综合征。越来越多的证据显示,伊马替尼能有效缓解ARDS

关键词:伊马替尼,急性呼吸窘迫综合征

 

一、前言

伊马替尼(Imatinib)是一种小分子抑制剂,以其阻断c-AblPDGFRc-KITATPase活性而闻名,同时也阻断ARG的活性。其中,c-Abl最著名的是其作为原癌基因的作用机制Bcrc-Abl基因的融合,产生具有组成性活化的Abl酪氨酸激酶活性的嵌合Bcr-Abl蛋白[1] 虽然目前伊马替尼的适应症是Brc-Abl阳性白血病和恶性胃肠道间质肿瘤(GIST[2,3],但是越来越多的证据表明,伊马替尼能够通过阻滞ARG减少炎性状态下的细胞膜通透性,这为伊马替尼治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征提供了理论基础。

 

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的特征是进展性的炎症过程,它可以由感染性和非感染性两种不同的途径引起,主要涉及肺中的肺泡上皮和血管内皮损伤。ARDS直接后果是产生严重的低氧血症,肺顺应性降低,以及肺内分流和死腔增加。临床病理学方面包括肺泡-毛细血管屏障的严重炎性损伤、表面活性物质耗竭和充气肺组织的丧失。这些临床症状的集合,共同导致严重和急性呼吸衰竭。ARDS的标志是肺毛细血管渗漏,导致肺水肿和气体交换障碍。此外,ARDS的初始急性期,由于血管通透性增加,肺泡充满了富含蛋白质的液体,出现肺水肿,继而导致肺顺应性降低引起严重的低氧血症,胸部X线片上出现双侧充血。它还会导致I型细胞的肺泡上皮损伤,进一步导致肺水肿,并易引起菌血症和败血症。而II型肺泡细胞的损伤使得表面活性剂合成和代谢受损,从而导致肺泡表面张力增加和肺泡塌陷。肺水肿是由内皮屏障功能障碍引起的,因此实质上参与了ARDS的病理生理过程[4]。内皮细胞紧密地控制着血液从循环系统向周围组织的交换,这种屏障的功能障碍导致不受控制的液体外渗和水肿[5-7]。目前尚无针对内皮屏障功能障碍和水肿的治疗方法[8],但是已有个别案例报道了使用伊马替尼治疗后肺水肿快速消退[9]

 

二、伊马替尼治疗血管渗漏和肺水肿

AblAbelson鼠白血病病毒癌基因同源物的首字母缩写,它是酪氨酸激酶家族一种,在哺乳动物中有两个成员:c-AblAbl1)和Abl相关基因(ARG)。c-AblARG的酪氨酸激酶结构域具有94%的同源性,但是它们的相似性在C端有所不同。虽然c-AblARG都包含钙蛋白同源F-肌动蛋白结构域,但c-Abl却具有DNA结构域和G-actin结构域,ARG包含Talin蛋白样F-肌动蛋白结构域和微管结构域。

 

ARG与细胞骨架调节有关。例如,ARG活化通过F-肌动蛋白束缚导致肌动蛋白聚合和F-肌动蛋白丝的形成[10,11]。此外,ARG通过依赖于肌动蛋白的cortactin蛋白和N-WASp蛋白的磷酸化来调节肌动蛋白丝结构,使其在细胞运动(如迁移、细胞收缩、片状脂膜形成等)中发挥重要作用[12,13]ARG在这个过程中的功能可能取决于ARG活性的空间分布和时间调控。

 

研究人员报道,伊马替尼不仅可以降低人肺微血管内皮细胞(HPMVEC)和其他内皮系统中凝血酶诱导的高通透性,还可以减弱内皮连接的解离。类似,在体外使用ARG siRNA抑制ARG,可以显着降低凝血酶诱导的通透性。ARG基因敲除小鼠能够免受VEGF诱导的血管通透性过高的影响,进一步证明ARG是血管渗漏发展中的关键介质[14]。这些数据表明,伊马替尼能够通过抑制ARG减弱凝血酶诱导的通透性。伊马替尼在炎症过程中有效地保护了人微血管肺内皮细胞以及肺血管渗漏和肺内皮屏障(表1, 2)。

 

1:关于伊马替尼对肺血管渗漏和ARDS影响的现有临床前数据概述(体外研究)

Model

Effect of   imatinib

Reference

Rat aortic   endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Kurimoto,   Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004[15]

Human   umbilical vein endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Aman, Circ   2012[16]

Improves   cell-matrix adhesion

Human lung   microvascular endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Aman, Circ   2012[16]

Immortalized   endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Chislock,   PLoS One 2013[17]

Human   umbilical vein endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Kim, ATVB   2014[18]

Mouse lung   microvascular endothelial cells

Protects   endothelial barrier

Stephens,   ATS 2014[19]

 

2:关于伊马替尼对肺血管渗漏和ARDS影响的现有临床前数据概述(体内研究)

Model

Effect of   imatinib

Reference

Isolated   perfused lung model (mouse)

Inhibits   lung vascular leak

Aman, Circ   2012[16]

Miles   assay (mouse)

Attenuates   vascular leak in skin

Aman, Circ   2012[16]

Cecal   Ligation & Puncture (Sepsis) (mouse)

Attenuates   vascular leak in lungs, kidneys

Aman, Circ   2012[16]

Intratracheal   LPS (mouse)

Attenuates   pulmonary oedema

Kim, Crit   Care 2013[20]

Intravenous   LPS (mouse)

Attenuates   lung vascular leak

Stephens,   ATS abstract 2014[19]

Improves   survival

Intratracheal   LPS (mouse)

Attenuates   lung vascular leak

Rizzo, ATS   abstract 2014[21]

Miles   assay (mouse)

Attenuates   vascular leak in skin

Kim, ATVB   2014[18]

 

除此之外,有3例临床病例报告显示:伊马替尼治疗开始后不久,患者症状就出现了改善,最终通过逆转ARDS的两个主要体征(即:肺血管渗漏和肺水肿),有效缓解了ARDS。尽管这些都是个例报道,不能排除其他因素,但是在目前没有任何治疗方法情况下,伊马替尼是有益的(表3)。

 

3:关于伊马替尼对肺血管渗漏和ARDS影响的现有临床数据概述(人类病例报告)

Condition/Disease

Effect of   imatinib

Reference

Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive   Disease

Resolution   of pulmonary oedema

Overbeek,   Eur Respir J 2008[10]

Improvement   of oxygenation (<24h)

Bleomycin-induced   pneumonitis / lung injury

Resolution   of pulmonary oedema

Carnevale-Schianca, J Clin Oncol 2011[22]

Idiopathic   Pulmonary Vascular Leak

Resolution   of pulmonary oedema

Aman, Am J   Respir Crit Care 2013[23]

 

综上所述,新型冠状病毒性肺炎引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),是肺炎患者最重要的致死因素,最新《柳叶刀》报道的99例新冠肺炎患者中,就有17例是ARDS[24]。目前ARDS无药可治,因此控制ARDS是重症肺炎患者生命至关重要的一道防线。伊马替尼有可能显著降低ARDS引起的高死亡率和致残率,临床上已有多个成功案例。伊马替尼已经在全球上市,其安全性数据详实,建议将ARDS作为伊马替尼老药新用的新增适应症申报临床,并组织医院共同参与伊马替尼应用ARDS的临床研究,以挽救更多的生命。

 

参考文献

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