主要发现：We identified Vitreous endosperm 1 (Ven1) as a major QTL influencing this process.

结果1-Ven1编码的酶：Ven1 encodes β-carotene hydroxylase 3, an enzyme that modulates carotenoid composition in the amyloplast envelope.

结果2-A619自交系：The A619 inbred contains a nonfunctional Ven1 allele, leading to a decrease in polar and an increase in non-polar carotenoids in the amyloplast.

结果3-无效Ven1等位基因导致的变化：Coincidently, the stability of amyloplast membranes is increased during kernel desiccation. The lipid composition in endosperm cells in A619 is altered, giving rise to a persistent amyloplast envelope.

结果4-A619粉质胚乳：These changes impede the gathering of protein bodies and prevent them from interacting with starch grains, creating air spaces that cause an opaque kernel phenotype.

结果5-遗传修饰因子：Genetic modifiers were identified that alter the effect of Ven1A619, while maintaining a high β-carotene level.

结论：These studies provide insight for breeding vitreous kernel varieties and high vitamin A content in maize.