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地球转动速度在减慢吗? 精选

已有 6039 次阅读 2011-4-26 11:40 |个人分类:科普|系统分类:科普集锦| office, style

地球转动速度在减慢吗?

鲍海飞 2011-4-26

 

地球就在我们脚下,这样的近,只要伏下身来随时都可以触摸它,但有时候却觉得它是那样的遥远。只有当地动山摇海啸的那一刻,我们才感觉到它的存在。地球在慢慢转动,它不时地在和月球、太阳发生相互作用。月球和太阳在悄悄地给地球施加着作用力,于是,地球表面的质量在发生转移和相对变化,地球表面的海洋、大气和冰川等都在变化,这也就导致了地球重力场的变化,随之而来改变地球的转动惯性力矩,进而甚至导致地球形状、椭度和地磁场等的变化。这些变化可以通过超长基线干涉法,very long baseline interferometery(VLBI) 和全球定位系统Global positioning system(GPS)进行测量得到。这些变化对局部地区环境和生态的影响有的或许在短时间就能体察到,有的也许需要较长的时间才能观察到。

近几年是地球板块及天体相互作用能够较为活跃的年度,于是这样的活跃带来了地球的灾难。下面两个小例子是关于地球转动时间的变化以及地震海啸对地球转动的影响。

 

1,地球转动速度在减慢吗?

 

地球转动的速度确实在减慢,主要是由于地球和月亮之间的相互作用。数百万年来,由于月球潮汐加速度的往复作用而使得地球的转动速度显著减慢。利用原子钟的非天体时间标准作比较,天文学家能够精确测量这一变化。每一个百年,每天的长度增加0.0015秒,其中有0.0007秒是由于月亮潮汐干预造成的,即0.0007/世纪。

然而,当某些大级别的地动事件发生时,如2004年的印度洋地震,就已造成地球转动速度加快了大约3毫秒的时间。自从上一次的冰纪开始,冰后回弹一直在持续,而这一直在改变着地球质量的分布,因此,地球质量的分布将影响地球的转动惯性矩,由角动量守恒定律可知,地球转动周期就受到影响[Ref.1]

 

2地震使日本更靠向了美国,并改变了地球的自转。

20113118.9(现修改为9.0)的地震袭击了日本的北部,地震不仅剧烈地震撼了大地,并产生了毁灭性的海啸,同时移动了海岸线,也改变了地球的平衡。

距离震中最近的全球定位站向东移动了约13英尺。一位地球物理学家Ross Stein说:日本现在比以前更大了

同时,NASA的科学家计算了震后地球质量的分布,计算表明,由于地球质量重新分布已经把每天的时间缩短了百万分之几秒,并且地震使地球的自转轴发生了倾斜[Ref.2]

 

看来,总体来说,地球的转动速度在减慢,就像一个人步入了老年一样;但是,当突发事件到来时,它又加快了脚步。

 

资料来源于:

Ref.1Is the earth's rotational speed slowing down?

The Earth rotational speed IS slowing down, primarily because of its interaction with the Moon.
Over millions of years, the rotation is significantly slowed by gravitational interactions with the Moon from reactive effects of tidal acceleration. Astronomers can measure this very precisely now that they have atomic clocks to provide a non-celestial time standard for comparison. The length of the day is increasing by 0.0015 seconds every century, of which about 0.0007 seconds per century has to do with the tidal breaking of the Moon.
However some large scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the rotation to speed up by around 3 microseconds. Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the Moment of Inertia of the Earth and, by the Conservation of Angular Momentum, the Earth's rotation period.

Source(s):Wikipedia -- earth rotation http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/q3…
Louisville Astronomical Society

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110305190409AA53pwI

Ref.2Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth’s Spin By KENNETH CHANG Published: March 13, 2011

The magnitude-8.9 earthquake that struck northern Japan on Friday not only violently shook the ground and generated a devastating tsunami, it also moved the coastline and changed the balance of the planet.

Global positioning stations closest to the epicenter jumped eastward by up to 13 feet. Japan is “wider than it was before,” said Ross Stein, a geophysicist at the United States Geological Survey.

Meanwhile, NASA scientists calculated that the redistribution of mass by the earthquake might have shortened the day by a couple of millionths of a second and tilted the Earth’s axis slightly.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html



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